Epidemiology 1

Question 1

What is epidemiology?

Answer 1

The study of disease distribution and determinants in populations.

Question 2

Who is considered the father of epidemiology?

Answer 2

John Snow.

Question 3

What are the main goals of epidemiology?

Answer 3

Identify disease causes, patterns, and control measures.

Question 4

What is the epidemiological triad?

Answer 4

Host, agent, and environment.

Question 5

What are the two major types of epidemiological studies?

Answer 5

Observational and experimental studies.

Question 6

What are the two types of observational studies?

Answer 6

Descriptive and analytical studies.

Question 7

What is the focus of descriptive epidemiology?

Answer 7

Identifying patterns of disease occurrence based on person, place, and time.

Question 8

What are the three broad questions descriptive epidemiology addresses?

Answer 8

Who gets the disease? Where does it occur? When does it occur?

Question 9

What is an example of a descriptive study?

Answer 9

A study analyzing malaria cases by age and region.

Question 10

What is an analytical epidemiological study?

Answer 10

A study that tests hypotheses about disease causes and associations.

Question 11

What are the types of analytical epidemiological studies?

Answer 11

Cross-sectional, ecological, case-control, case-crossover, and cohort studies.

Question 12

What is a cross-sectional study?

Answer 12

A study that assesses a population at a single point in time.

Question 13

What is an ecological study?

Answer 13

A study that analyzes population-level data rather than individual data.

Question 14

What is a case-control study?

Answer 14

A study that compares people with a disease to those without to identify risk factors.

Question 15

What is a cohort study?

Answer 15

A study that follows a group over time to observe disease occurrence.

Question 16

What is the main difference between descriptive and analytical epidemiology?

Answer 16

Descriptive identifies patterns; analytical tests hypotheses.

Question 17

What are the three components of disease occurrence in epidemiology?

Answer 17

Person, place, and time.

Question 18

What is an incubation period?

Answer 18

The time between exposure to an infectious agent and symptom onset.

Question 19

What is herd immunity?

Answer 19

Community-wide resistance to a disease due to high immunity levels.

Question 20

What is a vaccine?

Answer 20

A biological preparation that provides immunity to a disease.

Question 21

What is an epidemic?

Answer 21

A sudden increase in disease cases in a specific area.

Question 22

What is a pandemic?

Answer 22

A global outbreak of a disease.

Question 23

What is an endemic disease?

Answer 23

A disease constantly present in a population.

Question 24

What is an example of a vector-borne disease?

Answer 24

Malaria (transmitted by mosquitoes).

Question 25

What are common sources of epidemiological data?

Answer 25

Census, hospital records, surveys, and disease registries.

Question 26

What is morbidity rate?

Answer 26

The frequency of disease occurrence in a population.

Question 27

What is mortality rate?

Answer 27

The frequency of deaths in a population.

Question 28

What is the crude death rate?

Answer 28

The total number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people.

Question 29

What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?

Answer 29

Incidence measures new cases; prevalence measures all cases at a given time.

Question 30

How is incidence rate calculated?

Answer 30

New cases divided by the population at risk, multiplied by 1,000.

Question 31

How is prevalence rate calculated?

Answer 31

Total cases (new + old) divided by the population at risk, multiplied by 1,000.

Question 32

What are the three common specific rates in epidemiology?

Answer 32

Age-specific, sex-specific, and cause-specific rates.

Question 33

What is an age-specific mortality rate?

Answer 33

The death rate for a specific age group in a population.

Question 34

What is maternal mortality rate?

Answer 34

The number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.

Question 35

What is case fatality rate?

Answer 35

The percentage of people who die from a specific disease among those diagnosed.

Question 36

What is the primary function of census data in epidemiology?

Answer 36

To provide population-based denominators for disease rates.

Question 37

What are routine sources of health data?

Answer 37

Vital statistics, hospital records, and surveillance reports.

Question 38

What is Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR)?

Answer 38

A framework for collecting and analyzing health data to improve response efforts.

Question 39

What are the three main types of epidemiological statistics?

Answer 39

Vital, health, and morbidity statistics.

Question 40

What is an experimental epidemiological study?

Answer 40

A study where researchers intervene to determine disease outcomes.

Question 41

What is a randomized clinical trial (RCT)?

Answer 41

An experiment where participants are randomly assigned to treatment or control groups.

Question 42

What is the advantage of a cohort study?

Answer 42

It allows researchers to measure disease incidence over time.

Question 43

What is a disadvantage of case-control studies?

Answer 43

They are prone to recall bias since they rely on past exposure data.

Question 44

What is an example of a public health intervention based on epidemiology?

Answer 44

Vaccination programs to reduce infectious diseases.

Question 45

What is a confounding variable in epidemiological studies?

Answer 45

A factor that influences both the exposure and outcome, distorting the results.

Question 46

Why is standardization important in epidemiology?

Answer 46

To allow fair comparisons between different populations.

Question 47

What is a primary prevention strategy?

Answer 47

Preventing disease before it occurs, such as immunization.

Question 48

What is secondary prevention?

Answer 48

Early detection and treatment of disease to prevent complications.

Question 49

What is tertiary prevention?

Answer 49

Rehabilitation and treatment to prevent worsening of an existing disease.