Surgical Procedures Flashcards
What age should castrations be performed?
EARLIER THE BETTER
-can be performed at birth
-pigs usually done at 2-5 days of age
-all castrations should be done before 120 days of age
When should dehorning be performed?
Before the base is greater than 1 inch in diameter
What percent lidocaine should be used in cattle and pigs vs small ruminants?
2% in cattle and pigs, 1% for small ruminants
How do you reduce the sting associated with lidocaine?
Add 1 mL sodium bicarb per 10 mL lidocaine
How should you block the horns prior to dehorning in cattle and sheep? What about goats?
Inject 2-4 mL of lidocaine underneath the frontal crest/temporal line, half way between the eye and base of the ear
In goats, block cornual branches of infratrochlear nerve and lacrimal nerve
What should you do for pain relief after castration/dehorning?
1 mg/kg Meloxicam will provide pain relief for 48 hours
Describe the use of elastrator bands for castration.
Works well for calves less than 150 lbs
-a strong rubber ring is placed around the neck of the scrotum using a pair of band pliers. The calfs testicles and scrotum are then pulled through the opened rubber ring and plier handles are released
How long after applying a band should the tissue necrose and fall off?
1-3 weeks
How do you avoid the tetanus risk with elastrators in small ruminants?
Tetanus prophylaxis- provide 200-500 IU of antitoxin if dams were not vaccinated prepartum with tetanus
How can you use elastrator bands for hernia repair?
If lamb or kid develops inguinal hernia at time of castration, can gently replace intestines and put band on remaining portion of scrotum
-also place animal on antibiotics
Describe how you use the burdizzo for castration.
Scrotum is not cut, but rather spermatic cords are crushed ans severed inside the scrotum with this method
-each spermatic cord is clamed separately and at different levels of the scrotal neck
-testicles dont fall off but are reabsorbed over time
-favored for show cattle due to the appearance of the “cod”
-no age or weight restriction with this technique
Describe the newberry knife method for castration.
The knife is designed to split the scrotum longitudinally resulting in two flaps of the scrotal skin. This allows for excellent drainage. Typically the testicles will drop below the flaps. Then the testicle is grasped and fibrous tissue is broken down. Testicles than pulled, or emasculator can be used
Describe the scalpel blade method for castration
Testicles forced forward, then lower 1/3-1/2 of scrotum is removed with blade. Then pull and break spermaticord
How is the henderson castration tool used?
Clamp like forcepts attached to hand drill. The cord is crushed with clamp then the drill spins until the cord breaks
-provides excellent hemostasis
What season should castrations be performed?
Prior to or after fly season… aka early spring or late fall
How are small pigs (2-120 lbs) pigs generally castrated?
Held by hindlegs upside down. Push testicles down towards penis and then cut over testicle with curved blade. Pop testicles out and pull them like you would in calf PERPENDICULAR to the body wall (to avoid herniation)
What type of castration should you do in bulls?
Surgical under anesthesia
- can sedate with either pentobarbital IV or in the tesicle (remove one that was injected first)
-cut over both testicles and remove. Ligation often necessary
What do you do about busted pigs?
This means inguinal herniation
-you should twist testicle and ligate stump neat body wall before amputating testes and spermatic cord distal to ligation
What should you always do prior to dehorning bull calves?
Local block-block cornual branch of zygomaticotemporal nerve with 1.5-3 cc lidocaine
Clip hair away from horn bud at the base
Describe the caustic paste method for dehorning?
Must be applied at birth. Used in dairy. can have poor results due to improper application
What is are the techniques for the burn method for dehorning?
Electrocauthery, propane cautery or electric dehorner
What is the gauge technique for dehorning?
Use barnes dehorner, need to pull vessels and spray for flies
When is the wire, saw or keystone dehorners indicated?
LARGE horns
What type of goat should you never dehorn?
Angora goats- their horns are used for heat regulation
-adult goats- sinusitis very common
What are some common indications of infection after dehorning?
Nasal discharge, head tilting, shaking ears
when should extra teats be removed?
At the time of brucella vaccine (aka 4-6 months old)
How should you go about teat removal?
Attach tissue forceps to the teat, pull teat towards you, cut off flat using scissors, then spray with fly spray
What is the etiologies behind umbilical hernias?
Thought to be inherited and often associated with omphalitits in calves
What is the surgical method to reduce an umbilical hernia?
be sure theres not an abscess, then place animal in dorsal recumbency, local block with lidocaine, make eliptical incision around hernia, dissect peritoneum from skin, push peritoneal sac into abdomen, then use mattress sutures to pull one edge of ring over the other
Describe the nonsurgical method for hernia reduction
Reduce hernia and place vetwrap around the animal for approximately 1 week
