Surgery - Urology Flashcards
describe vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). how can this cause AKI?
- urine refluxing from bladder back up ureters| - if this then reduces kidney function, this is post-renal AKI
where is the obstruction in an upper obstructive uropathy?
ureters
presentation of upper obstructive uropathy?
NAME?
presentation of lower obstructive uropathy?
NAME?
what kind of micturition symptoms might be experienced in a lower obstructive uropathy?
NAME?
causes of an upper obstructive uropathy?
NAME?
causes of a lower obstructive uropathy?
NAME?
causes of a neurogenic bladder?
- MS - DM- stroke - parkinson’s disease- brain / SC injury- spina bifida
presentation of neurogenic bladder?
NAME?
management of obstructive uropathy?
NAME?
complications of treating an obstructive uropathy?
- catheter-associated UTI| - post-catheter diuresis (fluid and electrolyte loss, seen on UEs)
complications of obstructive uropathy?
NAME?
describe the pathophysiology of hydronephrosis?
obstruction to urine outflow causes backflow up to the kidneys
what is the cause of idiopathic hydronephrosis?
- narrowing at the PUJ| - may be congenital
features of hydronephrosis?
- vague renal angle pain| - mass felt in kidney area
investigations for hydronephrosis?
all imaging:- USS- CT - IV urogram (X-ray)
treatment of hydronephrosis?
NAME?
indications for a urinary catheter?
NAME?
demographic typically affected by BPH?
men over 50
presentation of BPH?
all LUTS:- hesitancy- weak flow- urgency- frequency- intermittency- straining- terminal dribbling- incomplete emptying- nocturia
which examinations are needed in suspected BPH?
- DRE| - abdo exam (check for palpable bladder)
investigations for BPH?
NAME?
common causes of a raised PSA?
NAME?
findings on DRE in prostate Ca?
NAME?
findings on DRE of a benign prostate?
NAME?
management of BPH?
NAME?
what are the different surgical management options for BPH?
- transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)- transurethral electrovaporisation of the prostate (TEVAP / TUVP)- holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP)- open prostatectomy
key side effect to know of tamsulosin (and other a-blockers)?
postural hypotension
key side effect of finasteride?
sexual dysfunction (ED)
complications of TURP?
NAME?
