Surgery 3B - Neurosurgery Flashcards
Uncal Herniation
Opposite lower extremity weakness
Upward herniation
Posterior fossa pathology
Tonsillar herniation
Cardiorespiratory impairment
Central Transtentorial herniation
Pinpoint pupils
Subfalcine herniation
Opposite upper/lower ext weakness
Skull X ray
Rapid and almost universally available
CT Scan
Access vascular pathology of brain and spine
Cranial MRI
Superior Brain/Spinal tissue resolution
Cerebral Angiography
Evaluates hemorrhagic stroke/trauma
EMG-NCV
Peripheral nerve integrity
Catheter inserted into frontal horn of lateral ventricle, also used for CSF drainage
EVD
Normal ICP range
110-120 mmH2O (5-10 mmHg)
Increased ICP
> 200 mmH2O (15 mmHg)
Volume of blood
120 mL
Volume of CSF
120 mL
Cushing Triad
Sys HPN,
Bradycardia
Resp irregularities
Example of primary (impact damage) brain injury
Cortical contusions
Diffuse white matter lesions
Laceration
Thalamic bleed
Hemiplegia/hemiparesis
Pontine bleed
Total paralysis
Cerebellar bleed
Repeated vomiting
Conjugate stare
Putaminal bleed
Face sags
Slurred speech
Lobar bleed
Depends on area affected
Bivex lentiform shape on CT
Epidural hematoma
Respects cranial sutures line
Epidural hematoma
Bright crescent shape by CT
Acute subdural hematoma
Hypodense crescent shape by CT
Chronic subdural hematoma
Spherical hyperdense intra-axial shape by CT
?
Abnormally dilated arteries and veins w/o intervening capillary bed
AVM
Most common primary intra-axial CNS neoplasm in adults
Astrocytoma
Metastatic tumors of the brain least likely extra-cranial source is
Melanoma
More likely lungs, breast, colon, kidney
Calcifications and hemorrhage on CT or MRI suggest diagnosis of
Oligo-dendro-glioma
Most common intra-dural, intra-medullary spinal tumor
Ependymoma
Loss of motor control and proprioception ipsilaterally
Brown Sequard
Upper extemities worse than lower extremities weakness
Central cord syndrome
Total loss of sensory, motor, nociception and proprioception bilaterally
Functional cord transection
Loss of bilateral proprioception and thermoception
Posterior cord syndrome
Best dx imaging for trauma
CT w/contrast
Communicating type of hydrocephalus are as follows except
- meningitis
- arachnoiditis
- subarachnoid hemorrhage
- aqueductal stenosis
- none
Aqueductal stenosis
CSF production /day
500cc/day
Masses higher up in the hemisphere can pass the cingulate gyrus causing what type of herniation
Subfalcine herniation
Opposite upper/lower ext weakness
Primary source of energy in the brain
Glucose
True of brain abscess
Manifest as cerebritis early
Ring enhancing lesion on CT contrast
Congenital cyanotic heart dse is a risk factor
Composted of cystic vascular spaces lined by single layer of endothelial cells
Cavernous malformation
Increased ICP can be 2’ to ff except
- Sagittal Sinus thrombosis
- Hypoventilation
- Hypocarbia
- Hypercarbia
Hypo-carbia
Cerebral blood flow
50ml/100g of brain/min
50 m, sudden severe headache w/assocaited nuchal rigidity. Afebrile and heache refractory to analgesics.
Brain abscess
Most common cause of communicating hydrocephalus
Meningitis (ex TB infection)
MCC Lateral ventricle tumor
subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
Lucid interval after falling, consider
Epidural hematoma
Diagnostic procedure in Epidural hematoma (lucid interval)
CT scan w/o contrast
Battle sign
Discoloration over the mastoid
Intra-dural extra-medullary spinal cord tumors
Schwannoma
Meningioma
(NOT astro)
MCC spontaneous intra-cerebral hematoma in 1st two decades of life
AVM
MC spinal cord tumor in intra-dural, extramedullary region w/predilection in thoracic region
Schwannoma ?
Astrocytoma ?
Unequal weakness of all ext more profound in lower and some form of sacral sparring
Central cord
MCC congenital hydrocephalus
Aqueductal stenosis
Subdural hematomas are located b/t
Dura and arachnoid
Epidural hematomas are located b/t
Bone and dura
MCC of subarachnoid hemorrhage in general
Intracerebral hemorrhage
MC intra-cranial tumor (adult)
Metastasis
Pediatric pt. w/gain unsteadiness and intention tremors
Medulloblastoma