Surg 104--Chapter 36 (B&K)

Question 1

Ortho patient care is _____.

Answer 1

individualized

Question 2

Ortho is concerned with the diagnosis, care, and treatment of _____.

Answer 2

musculoskeletal disorders

Question 3

Ortho is concerned with injury to the body’s system of _____.

Answer 3

bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, and tendons

Question 4

Fusion of a joint.

Answer 4

arthrodesis

Question 5

Disruption of the blood supply to a bone that causes death and irreversible decay of the osseous tissue.

Answer 5

avascular necrosis

Question 6

A cast cut into two parts-front and back for removal and reapplication.

Answer 6

bi-valve cast

Question 7

Adverse physiologic response of the patient to placement of bone cement in the medullary cavity.

Answer 7

bone cement implantation syndrome (BCIS)

Question 8

Swelling between layers of fascia that causes damage to tissue; toxins cause death of tissue.

Answer 8

compartment syndrome

Question 9

Used to encase and stabilize a structure; casts are made of plaster or fiberglass.

Answer 9

cast material

Question 10

Closed reduction of a fracture without opening the skin.

Answer 10

CR

Question 11

Generating heat.

Answer 11

exothermic

Question 12

Evacuation of blood from a limb before inflating a tourniquet to create a bloodless field.

Answer 12

exsanguinate

Question 13

Emergency procedure to release pressure on region of compartment syndrome.

Answer 13

fasciotomy

Question 14

Specialized clean air delivery to the orthopedic OR; the direction of air flow is carefully calculated to enter and exit the room without generating air-borne particulate.

Answer 14

laminar air flow

Question 15

Open reduction and internal fixation of a fracture.

Answer 15

ORIF

Question 16

Basophilic cells that synthesize collagen and glycoprotein to form bone matrix.

Answer 16

osteoblast

Question 17

Cells in the bone that influence growth and regeneration by breakdown and resorption of existing cellular material.

Answer 17

osteoclast

Question 18

Bone infection

Answer 18

osteomyelitis

Question 19

The healing process of a bone.

Answer 19

union

Question 20

The failure of a bone to align and heal.

Answer 20

nonunion

Question 21

The human skeleton has _____ separate bones.

Answer 21

206

Question 22

Ortho surgery is concerned primarily with the structures in the _____ and _____, including the _____, _____, and the _____.

Answer 22

upper and lower extremities

shoulder, hip joints, and vertebral column

Question 23

The human body is divided in the _____ skeleton and the _____ skeleton.

Answer 23

axial

appendicular

Question 24

The axial skeleton consists of _____ bones that make up the _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 24

80

skull, vertebrae, and ribcage

Question 25

The appendicular skeleton consists of _____ bones that make up the _____.

Answer 25

126 | limbs

Question 26

Each upper extremity has _____ bones.

Answer 26

32

Question 27

Each lower extremity has _____ bones.

Answer 27

31

Question 28

Bones are classified by shape as _____, _____, _____, and _____,

Answer 28

long, short, flat, and irregular

Question 29

Longs bones include:

Answer 29

- humerus - radius and ulna - femur - tibia and fibula

Question 30

The end of a long bone....

Answer 30

epiphysis

Question 31

The shaft of a long bone...

Answer 31

diaphysis

Question 32

Thin plates of _____ are found in the ends of long bones.

Answer 32

cartilage

Question 33

Short bones include...

Answer 33

bones of hand and foot

Question 34

Flat bones include...

Answer 34

scapula and patella

Question 35

Irregular bones include...

Answer 35

vertebrae

Question 36

Outer layer of bone, compact, hard connective tissue.

Answer 36

cortex

Question 37

Found in the ends of long bones, porosites of cancellous bones, and flatter bones, such as the skull, sternum, and pelvic bones.

Answer 37

red bone marrow

Question 38

Responsible for erythropoiesis (formation of red blood cells and certain white blood cells)

Answer 38

red bone marrow

Question 39

Found in medullary canals, or shafts of long bones, and has a higher adipose content.

Answer 39

yellow bone marrow

Question 40

Strong fibrous membrane that covers bone except at joints.

Answer 40

periosteum

Question 41

Lengthwise, lamellar structures that provide weight-bearing strength and passage for additional blood supply.

Answer 41

haversian canals

Question 42

Lines the inner aspect of bones.

Answer 42

endosteum

Question 43

Steps of bone healing:

Answer 43

1. Hematoma formation 2. Callus formation 3. Calcification process 4. Remodeling phase

Question 44

Hematoma formation:

Answer 44

- blood accumulates in the area of the break - inflammatory process begins - extravascular blood converts from a liquid to a semisolid clot - active phagocytosis removes necrotic tissue and debris

Question 45

Callus formation:

Answer 45

- fibrin cells for a network around the injured area - damaged periosteum is stimulated to generate osteoblasts, forming new bony substance called osteoid - a callus is visible on radiograph within 1 to 2 weeks of injury

Question 46

Calcification process:

Answer 46

- begins and establishes support of the injury - connective tissue proliferates across the site - injury usually completely calcified within 6 weeks

Question 47

Remodeling phase:

Answer 47

- excess cellular material is resorbed, and the bones resumes its preinjury strength and configuration - enhanced by stress and exercise - can take up to 6 month to 1 year

Question 48

Cartilage:

Answer 48

- smooth, firm, compressible connective tissue - cushions most articular surfaces at the ends of bones - does not have a direct blood supply and devoid of lymphatics and nerves - derives its nutrition from synovial fluid

Question 49

Joints:

Answer 49

- ends of bones come together in joints - articular cartilage and construction of the joint prevent bones from scraping against each other - synovial fluid keeps the joint free of debris and bacteria that could interfere with mobility - classified by variations in structure that permit movement

Question 50

Synovial fluid contains _____ and _____.

Answer 50

macrophages and white blood cells

Question 51

Ball and socket joints:

Answer 51

hip and shoulder

Question 52

Hinged joints:

Answer 52

knee, ankle, elbow, and phalangeal joints of the fingers

Question 53

Condyloid joint:

Answer 53

wrist

Question 54

Saddle joint:

Answer 54

thumb

Question 55

Ligaments:

Answer 55

- bands of flexible, tough fibrous tissue that join the articular surfaces of bones and cartilage - avascular and heal slowly - do not readily reattach to bone when torn and are prone to subsequent reinjury

Question 56

Smooth muscle is _____.

Answer 56

involuntary

Question 57

Branching muscle is _____.

Answer 57

cardiac

Question 58

Striated skeletal muscle is _____.

Answer 58

voluntary

Question 59

Tendons:

Answer 59

- bands of extremely strong, fibrous tissue that attach muscle bundles to the periosteum of bones - encased in the synovial membrane sheath of movable joints

Question 60

Semi-sharp instruments used to strip periosteum from bone without destroying its ability to regenerate new bone, and used for blunt dissection.

Answer 60

Periosteal elevators (exposing instrument)

Question 61

Instruments used to hold, manipulate, or retract bone.

Answer 61

grasping instruments

Question 62

Instruments used to remove soft tissue around bone; to cut into, or cut out portions of bone; and to smooth jagged edges of bone.

Answer 62

cutting instruments

Question 63

Cutting action from front to back.

Answer 63

reciprocating

Question 64

Cutting action from side to side.

Answer 64

oscillating

Question 65

Bone grafts obtained from the crest of the ilium.

Answer 65

autologous cancellous and cortical bone

Question 66

Bone graft obtained from the fibula.

Answer 66

cortical bone