Supporting systems (HUMAN BONES) pages 45 - 78 Flashcards
What are the six functions of the human skeleton? (6)
+👨🦯Support- enable body to stay UPRIGHT and KEEP shape
+🛡️Protection- internal organs and tissues of the body
+🏃♀️Movement- by the muscles that are attached to the bones
+🩸Blood cells- formed in the read marrow of bones
+🥛Mineral salts- Ca and PO₄³⁻ form parts of bones and are stored in them
+👂Hearing- Ossicles in middle of ear transmits soundwaves to inner ear and enables hearing.
Label diagram of skeleton
On Word
REMEMBER that axial is long axis and appendicular is upper and lower limbs
What bones does the Coxal bones consist of?(3)
What is the bony Pelvis?
What is the hip joint formed from?
Coxal bones} Ilium, ischium, pubis
Bony Pelvis – Basin-like structure formed by coxal bones with sacrum and coccyx of the vertebral column.
Hip joint = Formed by HEAD of femur articulating within the acetabulum, formed @ the [point of fusion between 3 hip bones.
Why are the lower libs so thick and strong?
Describe the femur, what does the tibia articulate with, what is the function of the fibula
Because lower limb carries the weight of the whole erect body
Femur = Largest, longest, strongest bone in body
Tibia ARTICULATES with femur to form knee joint. Also ARTICULATES with Talus at the ankle
Fibula HELPS STABALIZE the ankle joint.
What is Rickets?
What causes Rickets? (3)
~ DISEASE that affects developing skeletal systems of children and young animals. Due to lack of Vitamin D which necessary for absorption of Ca and PO₄³⁻
Causes:
• Malnutrition
• Perpetual lack of 🌞
• Inability to absorb vitamin D
Where does Vitamin D come from? (2)
What are the signs and symptoms of rickets?(3)
•🌞Sunlight- skin is expose to sunlight then VD is produced
•🍔💊Food- In food + Supplements of multivitamins is absorbed from the small intestines.
Symptoms and signs:
• Skeletal deformities
• Stunted growth
• Dental problems 🦷
How can Rickets be treated? (2)
•If due to malnutrition the foods rich in VD should be eaten and VD supplements can be taken E.g., Oily fish and egg yoks
•If due to lack of 🌞, then expose person to sun. (Babies under 6 months = NO DIRECT 🌞)
What is Osteomalacia
What are the main symptoms of Osteomalacia ? (3)
Osteomalacia = adult form of rickets.
Symptoms
• Back pain
• Muscle weakness
• Bone fractures
What is a joint?
What are the Functions of a Joint? (2)
Joint – A part of skeleton where 2/more bones meet.
Functions
HOLD the skeleton together with help of LIGAMENTS and TENDONS.
GIVE MOBILITY to skeleton enabling parts of body can move.
What are the characteristics of a ligament(3)
What are the functions of a ligaments? (2)
Characteristics = Strong 💪, flexible, resilient because they are made of the connective tissues- collagen and elastic fibres.
Functions
Falls under articular capsule so it:
•HOLDS bone together but ALLOWS joints to move.
•DIRECTS bone movement but PREVENTS damaging movement.
What are the Characteristics of tendons? (2)
What are the Functions of tendons? (2)
Tendons = Strong and inelastic cause they are made of collagen fibres and have no elastic fibres.
Functions
They attach muscle to bone; they may attach to:
•Stationary bone = origin
•Movable bone = insertion
They attach muscles to bone to bring movement.
As muscles contract, one bone remains station and other is moved
The moveable bone moves TOWARDS the immovable bone.
How are joints classified (2)
What are the 3 classifications for joints? (include material holding them, movability and example)
Joints = Classified according to the MATERIAL BOINDING THEM or their MOBILITY
Joints classification:
Fibrous Joints = Held together by FIBROUS tissue and are IMMOVABLE e.g., Cranium
Cartilaginous joints = held together by CARTILAGE and are PARTIALY MOVABLE e.g., joints between vertebrae
Synovial Joints = Held together by x2-layered ARTICULAR CAPSULE and are FREELY MOVABLE e.g., all joints of the limbs.
How are synovial joints classified ?
List 4 synovial joint classifications (include type movement and example)
Classified according to KIND OF MOVEMENT
Classifications:
~ Ball-and-socket joint: Most flexible it allows movement in many directions. Found in HIP JOINT and SHOULDER joint.
~Hinge Joint: Move UP AND DOWN. Found in KNEE, ANKLE, ELBOW joint.
~Pivot Joint: Allows bone to ROTATE. Found between ATLAS and AXIS VERTEBRAE
~Plane Joint/Gliding joint: Glides or slips over another flat bone. Found between CARPAL and TARSAL bones.
Identify synovial joints based on pictures
Label synovial joints and give functions of each label
Check Word Document
Explain antagonistic muscles
In an antagonistic muscle pair as one muscle contracts the other muscle relaxes or lengthens.
The muscle contracting = agonist
Muscle relaxing or lengthening = antagonist.
