Supplementary Information for Psychopharmacology

Question 1

Explain neurotransmitters (2) and neuromodulators (5) in detail

Answer 1

neurotransmitters
> only affecting one to two neurones, effector cells, or muscle cells
> released through the synapses
> either inhibitory or excitatory
> fast but slow

neuromodulators
> affecting a group of neurones or effector cells
> In the CNS or PNS
> does not have to be released through the synapses
> act as a second messenger
> long lasting effects
> affects the responsiveness of other neurones
> enhances synaptic plasticity
> alters firing rate and function

Question 2

Are NMDA receptors ion or GPCR

Answer 2

Ion

Question 3

What does inactive neurotransmitters mean

Answer 3

neurotransmitters that are broken down and therefore no receptors to bind on

Question 4

What is NO synthesised from and what are the two gasses that can serve as neurotransmiiters

Answer 4

From arginine
nitric oxides and carbon monoxide

Question 5

What are some of the other usages of NMDA receptors

Answer 5

memory, learning, perception and promoting synaptic plasticity, IQ etc (showing the polygenic side of NMDA receptors)

Question 6

What are some symptoms that can be treated with cannabis through therapeutical and medical

Answer 6

therapeutical
asthma, nausea and decrease eye pressure

medical
mild sclerosis
epilepsy
pain

Question 7

True or false:
receptors are more complex than open-shut gates. They have complex structures that a small change in their shape will open a channel, or cause it to do something

Answer 7

true

Question 8

how many downstream consequences do GPCRs have

Answer 8

1

Question 9

What is the definition of psychopharmacology

Answer 9

the study of drug changing the state of mood, thinking and behaviour

Question 10

which stage of neurotransmitter cycle can drug alter

Answer 10

all

Question 11

What are the three features of glutamate and GABA

Answer 11

both first to evolve and found in simple organism

most common neurotransmitters in the CNS

true in terms of directly affecting the firing of the post-synaptic neuron

Question 12

is glutamate the only neurotransmitter that is linked to psychosis

Answer 12

Dopamine as well

Question 13

what happens to GABA/GABA receptors that will lead to seizure

Answer 13

abnormalities (inhibition)

Question 14

which drug is also called the “seizure causing drug”

Answer 14

picrotoxin

Question 15

what is seizure

Answer 15

sudden excessive activities of the neuron
caused by GABA/GABA receptors abnormality (inhibition)

Question 16

what is ice and what is methylphenidate (Ritalin)

Answer 16

a purer amphetamine
methylphenidate = a medicine that is used to treat ADHD, which is a NA and DA reuptake inhibitor

Question 17

why would people tend to look for something to do if LC is not activated in some time

Answer 17

there is noise added to the decision

Question 18

what is the major difference between depression and grief

Answer 18

grief doesn’t generate self-unworthiness and other psychological depressive symptoms

Question 19

what are the main factors that hold the theories of long latency of onset

Answer 19

altered gene expression and neurogenesis

Question 20

Most peptides serve as neuromodulators. However, some neuromodulators also serve as hormones, which also as neurotransmitters. True or false

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Which opioids is used to rapidly shut the gates

Answer 21

naloxone (antagonists)

Question 22

what is the relationship between nucleic acids and nucleoside

Answer 22

nucleoside is the sub-unit of nucleic acids, which nucleoside is broken from nucleic acid

Question 23

function of NO

Answer 23

learning, memory, synaptic plasticity and blood vessels dilate

Question 24

what name the different types of seizures

Answer 24

Generalised seizure (throughout the entire brain)
Partial seizure (just a small part of the brain)
> simple: can lead to the change of conscious
> complex: lost conscious