Superpowers and Global Hubs of Migration and Power Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of superpower

A

global superpower = ability of USA, UK, USSR to project power and influence anywhere to become a worldwide force
regional superpower = significant influence over its neighbours, e.g. Nigeria, s.africa

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2
Q

Global Superpowers

A
  • between 1500-1900 leading powers built global empires, result of which, European language, religion and law differences on global scale
  • USA dominated world affairs since 1945 using ‘neo-colonialism’ strategies. include, provision of international air and cultural influence.
  • geopolitical use of military force and economic influence achieved through forceful trade policies
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3
Q

Types of power that superpower countries have

A
  • smart power = skilful combined use of hard and soft power
  • soft power = power of persuasion by making appealing policies
  • hard power = getting own way using force and economic power
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4
Q

Regional superpowers

A
  • middle eastern Qatar has highest GDP pc in the world, mainly due to fossil fuel sales (14% of reserves)
  • Doha became powerful, sporting events and international conferences are held
  • Al Jazeera media network rivals BBC and important source of soft power
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5
Q

China as a superpower

A
  • worlds largest economy in 2014, exerts great pressure globally due to its size
  • ave income greater than 1/3 of US citizens
  • lacks soft power due to cultural isolation, e.g. language
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6
Q

USA as a superpower

A
  • G8 countries together = influence of USA
  • population owns +40% of global wealth
  • influence over international organisations including NATO, UN, IMF and world-bank, influence over global politics
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7
Q

Benefits of international migration for superpower states

A

Skilled labour shortages - economically and socially damaging for a country
unskilled labour shortages - too few willing to do poorly paid but essential work, impeding economic progress
- post colonial migration to UK after WWII due to labour shortages
- Less than 2% of population in Japan is foreign, suffers with ageing population, in order to maintain economic role, relaxation of immigration necessary
- USA, since 1990s, skilled Indian migrants more highly paid than any other grant community

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8
Q

Global hubs

A
  • superpower demand for migrant labour often concentrated in particular hubs within these states
  • large numbers of foreign workers within London’s Canary Wharf financial district
  • Global hubs = megacities
    e. g. Oxford attracts many overseas students and lecturers after being named world’s leading educational institution
  • international migration plays a vital role in replenishing human resources of powerful cities and states
  • natural resources include, coasts for trade, oil resource
  • human resources include, large labour force, skilled labour and affluence to attract service providers
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9
Q

Migration flows and economic inequalities as a result of hubs

A
  • low waged international migrants are drawn to global hubs in large numbers to work in low pay kitchens, construction sites or domestic jobs
  • lead to significant cultural change in host country, e.g. British Indian Sikh community is largest outside of India
  • migration movements and associated flows of money and ideas may reduce global inequalities promoting growth and stability, exacerbate global inequalities and potentially lead to tension or conflict
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10
Q

Effects of migration on host regions

A
  • fill skill shortages
  • economic migrants willingly work in jobs locals may not want to and spend wages on rent and pay tax on earnings
  • social tensions if locals believe migrants have led to lack of jobs/affordable housing
  • primary school places shortage
  • migrants favoured by employers due to work ethic and reliability
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11
Q

Effects of migration on source regions

A
  • remittances are peer-to-peer flow to help social rather than economic developments
  • may return to source country over time, bringing new skills home
  • economic loss of Human Resources, including key workers
  • ageing population
  • reduced economic growth s consumption falls
  • no guarantee that remittances will continue to be sent home
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12
Q

Economic and social interdependency

A
  • remittances sent home to source country may generate up to 40% GDP for poorer states
  • used to pay for education and health
  • migrants often essential to some host country populations, providing many vital economic and social services
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13
Q

Political and environmental interdependency

A
  • closer political partnership develops between states that have become socio-economically independent
  • increases cooperation to tackle shared environmental threats such as climate change
  • EU governments provide with greater tax revenues for services and infrastructure, back wash effect balanced by trickle down of wealth in every country
  • backwash migration losses for peripheral E.Europe are greater than trickle down gains
  • Indian to UAE - 30% of population, US $15bn returned in remittance annually, most work in construction, transport and manufacturing
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14
Q

Benefits of interdependency

A
  • strengthen friendship between states, reducing potential for geopolitical conflict
  • EU state governments believed greater interdependency would end conflict after WWII
  • states home to large diaspora population have strong geopolitical ties with diaspora’s country of origin
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15
Q

Risks of interdependency

A
  • recession in 2009 during GFC. Building projects cancelled, immigrants lost jobs and remittances not sent home
  • interdependency may be a threat to nation’s sovereignty, too much in-migration has been allowed, and freedom of movement must be controlled
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16
Q

Migration policies of host and source countries

A
  • UK governments adopted ‘open-door’ approach in 1950s and 2000s due to skills and labour shortages
  • few countries have laws preventing out-movement
  • N.Korea exception, government require exit visas before leaving
  • Saudi Arabia and Qatar, migrants apply for exit visa before being allowed to return home
17
Q

Rise of anti-immigration movements

A
  • anti-globalisation and political movements are increasingly popular due to cultural concerns
  • migration causes political tensions
  • migration was the most important issue influencing the vote of EU Brexit
  • nationalist political parties now command significant support (UKIP)
  • Charlie Held workers killed by Algerian gunmen, Islamic faith ‘mocked’ demonstrating religious tensions
18
Q

Migration issues that divide popular opinion in USA

A
  • economic = some view migrants are a vital part of economy growth, working long hours for low pay
  • national security = terrorism heightened security
  • demographics = youthful migration helps offset costs of ageing population
  • cultural change = influencing food, music and language, Hispanic population growth encouraged Spanish-language soaps on Netflix
19
Q

Conflicting views about Migration at varying geographical scales

A
  • Brexit support high among pensioners, rural communities, younger voters, Scots and London favoured remaining
  • poorer and older deindustrialise area populations voted Trump, California and hispanics supported Clinton
  • British born city livers with large migrant populations such as London and Cardiff have more positive feelings towards migration