Migration Flashcards

1
Q

Migration flows as a result of migration

A
  • 2013, 750million internal migrants residing in cities across the world, (1/3 were Chinese rural-urban migrants)
  • nearly 1/4billion international migrants now live in a country other than their birth country
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2
Q

What are the two types of international migration?

A
  • economic movers = moved voluntarily for work and improved QOL that higher earnings may bring, majority of migrants
  • refugees = people forced to leave homes due to conflict, political or religious persecution or natural disasters including drought and disease
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3
Q

International migration

A
  • between 3-4% of world’s population are international migrants
  • approximate as illegal migration flow that takes places is only quantitative
  • africa, large flow occurs in absence of clear national boundaries and through a lack of policing or surveillance
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4
Q

Global patterns of migration

A
  • 1970&80s, still took place to developed world destinations
  • e.g. Paris, result in core-periphery system
  • developed economic core = ‘braindrain’ of skilled workers from global south (Indian doctors joining NHS)
  • world cities developing, e.g. Mumbai and Dubai, also begun to function as global immigration magnets
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5
Q

What are the reasons for the proportion of the population comprised as migrants?

A
  • real or perceived economic opportunities states offer
  • level of states political engagement with global economy, (adopting liberal immigration rules)
  • large volumes of inter-regional migration (SSA to other SSA countries)
  • intra-regional flows linking N. America with other regions including S.Africa and C. America
  • uneven distribution of economic opportunities within global systems
  • brain drain represents economic losses offset by receipt of remittances
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6
Q

Advantages of a shrinking world for migrations

A

Important developments in last 30 years - internet and low cost airlines - helped accelerate population movements

  • heightened connectivity changes our conception of distance and potential barriers to migration:
    • perceptual change been described as time-space convergence and more recently as time-space compression
  • technology making world feel smaller - long distances cause to be an obstacle to migration
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7
Q

Transport and communication developments and what effect this has on migration

A

mobile phones - without connectivity people would no know the ‘grass is greener’ elsewhere
2005, 6%, 2015 60% africans owned a mobile phone
internet - media representations of places may affect people’s decisions to migrate, connection can be made by migrants over long distances, making it easier
Air travel - more affordable due to expansion of cheap flights, interconnects Europe cheaply
boeing 747 in the 60s made international travel more common
High speed rail - key link between rural and urban china

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8
Q

Poverty push factor driving international out-migration (economic)

A
Global periphery (LICs) - 30 classified by world bank, agriculture key to economy
Semi periphery (EEs) - 80 countries, rapid factory expansions and industrialisation, 'middle income countries'
Global Core (HICs) - 80 countries with high ave incomes consisting of office and retail overtaking factory and industrial work (post-industrial)
extreme poverty = movements from poorest countries to source region, table to meet food, clothing and shelter needs, leading to out-migrations
relative poverty = movements from EEs, e.g. Poland, to developed countries, e.g. UK
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9
Q

Primary commodity prices driving international out-migration (economic)

A

primary commodity = unprocessed food, timber, minerals, ad energy resources

  • generates income through trading opportunities, not always good income
  • out-migration of skilled ambitious people as less equipment fro schools and hospitals
  • overproduction = too many countries grow the same corp, reduces global sale prices
  • poor governance = lacked human capital to strike good trade deals, foreign companies take advantage and buy products at a fraction of the real market value
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10
Q

Poor access to markets within global systems driving international out-migration (economic)

A
  • division of world in trade blocs is another reason why poverty still exists
  • EU protects farmers by import tariffs on food import from other countries, Kenyans find it hard to get a fair price from EU supermarkets
  • high levels of government financial support allow farmers to cheaply produce meat and vegetables
  • WTO (world trade organ.) aims to reduce unfair trade barriers and government subsidies globally
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11
Q

Global diaspora communities driving international migration (cultural and political)

A
  • joining an established community may make finding work easier, family members pride support during relocation and settling
  • Chinese Diaspora = UK, and Indonesia have significant Chinese populations, e.g. Chinatown districts in London, Bham, etc.
  • Indian Diaspora = 28 million in 2016, mainly in USA, UK, SA and Malaysia.
  • ‘Black Atlantic’ Diaspora = African descent move to EUR, and Americas, history of slavery maintained through migration, tourism across the Atlantic
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12
Q

Post-colonial movement of people driving international migration (cultural and political)

A
  • 1950-70s, UK received Caribbean, Indian, Bangladeshi and Ugandan migrants, today these countries are commonwealth members
  • fill jobs in labour force after WWII, some directly recruited, e.g. Caribbean London bus drivers
  • Large demand in heavy and light industry in the textile mills
  • Gaps in skilled labour market with new NHS, many doctors travelled from India/Pakistan and Africa = ‘braindrain’
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13
Q

Rules permitting Free movement in the EU, S.America and Africa (political)

A
  • most national border controls within EU removed in 1995 when Schengen Agreement was implemented, making movements within EU easier (food, goods, and people)
  • S.American countries signed mercosur residency agreement, people have right to apply for temporary residency in member states, after 2 years, permanent
  • African Union break borders through closer integration issued e-passports, permitting visa-free travel between member states
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