Rural-Urban Migration Flashcards

1
Q

Push factors in rural areas

A
  • displacement of indigenous people because of land grabbing
  • poverty aggravated by land reforms and not enough jobs available
  • land grabs by MNCs and cash cropping agribusiness outcompetes private farming, reduces need for labour due to machinery introduced by MNCs
  • rural dwellers gaining knowledge due to ‘shrinking world’ technologies, successful migrants able to communicate useful information to potential migrants in rural areas
  • transport improvements, e.g. S. America Trans-Amazon Highway
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2
Q

Employment pull factors in urban areas

A
  • global shift of employment to Asia and S. America created new work opportunities in cities, making rural-urban divide greater
  • MNCs in developed countries and emerging economies move factories to lower wage locations (off-shoring)
  • MNCs outsource work as part of global supply chain operations, MNCs look towards Bangladesh and Vietnam, while workers are still willing despite very low wages
  • informal work sector includes scavenging landfill sites for recyclable materials and sell to supply-chain companies
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3
Q

Export processing zones

A
  • India, China, Indonesia have well established SEZs (special EZ) where expos processing takes place
  • 1965 - India recognised effectiveness of export zone model in promoting growth, today nearly 200 SEZs
  • coastal SEZs crucial to chinas early economic growth
  • Jakarta low ax export processing zone popular off-shoring location for MNCs such as Gap and Levi’s influencing much rural-urban migration
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4
Q

rural problems and management

A
  • ageing population in rural areas, youthful out-migration to urban areas
  • falling economic productivity, threat to future agricultural production and food security as countryside left with ageing workforce
    proposed ruralisation = investments in modern, self-sufficient villages, younger population less-likely to leave
  • Kenya M-Pesa mobile phone service revolutionised life for rural businesses
    • 1/2 countries GDP sent through M-Pesa system annually
    • fishermen and farmers use to check market prices before selling produce to buyers, maximising rural incomes
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5
Q

Urban problems and their management

A
  • 1970, 3 megacities, by 2020, there will be 30, all growing due to rural-urban migration
  • new growth takes place on city periphery where shanty housing is built by dwellers
  • informal housing may consolidate expensive and desirable districts with Rocinha, Rio, boasting a McDonalds, hair salons and health clinics
  • Aspirations beyond agriculture are developed by rural young population as wealth in cities grows
  • e.g Mumbai megacity growth , home to 21 mn people fleeing rural states, urban employment covers a range of sectors and skill levels, MNCs such as Starbucks and Hilton are present, 5,000 employed in Dharavi’s plastic recycling industries, redeveloping slum area
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6
Q

Top-down urban growth strategies

A
  • megascale housing construction and planning in China and creation of megacity clusters
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7
Q

Bottom-up urban continuity development strategies

A
  • poor migrant communities in Lagos must take bottom-up steps to improve local environment and access to housing with little state support, resulting in squatter settlement growth
  • makeshift homes built above water on stilts, land reclaimed from lagoon is built on. 250,000 population in Makako working in informal economy such as fishing
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