Global Flows of Shipping and Sea Cables Flashcards

1
Q

Global trade patterns and networks

A
  • trade in physical goods includes movements of primary industry products (food, energy, raw materials) and manufactured items (processed food, electronics)
  • world trade dominated by developed countries and large EEs including the BRIC group
  • value of world trade and global GDP risen by ~2% annually since 1945 (except 2008-09 due to GFC)
  • majority of trade between developed countries due to affluent consumers and markets found in wealthier countries
  • middle class diets characterised by greater consumption of meat and dairy, China’s annual meet consumption pc rose from 4 to 52kg between 1990 and 2010
  • Despite ‘slow’ China’s worlds greatest export of goods, 2013 = $2 trillion, emerged dominant influence of world trade in 1980s
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2
Q

Container shipping trends

A
  • over 600 million containers are moved across oceans annually, shipping described as ‘backbone’ to global economy esersince industry’s pioneer
  • intermodal containers = large capacity units transported long distances on several forms of transport
  • MSC Oscar 395m long, 48m Wie and can carry 19,000 containers - container vessels increasing in size and fewer running
  • average size of ships increased by 90% in past 20 years
  • vessels built at greater rate than growth of global trade, container ships operating from china been saving with too few containers to make profit
  • supply chains shortened as more MNCs restoring operations as a result of rising costs and risks (sourcing locally instead of distant offshore locations)
  • ship breaking taking place in India and Bangladesh due to cheaper labour and fewer health and safety regulations
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3
Q

Regulating shipping flows

A
  • UNCLOS guarantees all shipping the right of innocent passage through waters of any state
  • regulation needed to safeguard environment from shipping movements, especially oil tankers as a result of transboundary pollution events
  • Coastal margins of France and UK several effected by 119,000 tonnes of oil released from Torrey Canyon Supertanker in 1967
  • 80km beaches of UK contaminated, UK’s worst environmental disaster
  • 1990s = 358 spills of over 7 tns, successful regulation under UNCLOS reduced oil lice by 75% in 200s
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4
Q

Identifying and tackling illegal Trans-oceanic flows

A
  • illegal transoceanic flows of people, narcotics, counterfeit property, stolen good and wildlife link society and places together globally
  • UN repeatedly called states to work together to tackle crime flows, many using open oceans and territorial waters as operational space
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5
Q

People trafficking

A
  • over 90% migrants illegally use services to cross Mediterranean
  • criminal networks involving migrant smuggling turned over ~4 billion, highly profitable
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6
Q

Smuggling

A
  • recently increased across Mediterranean and Atlantic as Europe coastline is poorly monitored by security agencies
  • illegal drugs, guns and counterfeits enter EU routinely via its coastal margins
  • after 2001 NY terror attacks, UN introduced security I form of ISPS giving port authorities heightened security powers to monitor shipping and control access fo vessels
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7
Q

Slavery at sea

A
  • allegations of exploitation and slavery in parts of UK fishing fleet, relies on foreign labour
  • hard to protect human rights of workers who do not have permission to live in UK however are legally allowed to work in British waters
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