Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography paper 2 > Superpowers > Flashcards

Superpowers Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

economic power

A

economic or development ai from one country to another as signing agreements keeps economic ties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

5 pillars of power

A

cultural , political , resources , military strength , economic strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

superpower

A

a state or organisation that is able to extend a dominant influence globally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

emerging power

A

a state or organisation that is growing significantly in power and beggining to extend a more global influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

regional power

A

a state or organisation with a sphere of influence that tends to be continental rather than global

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

hard power

A

power through force of coersion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

soft power

A

power through favour or persuasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

indirect control

A

maintaining control through soft power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hegemony

A

leadership or dominance by one state or organisation ( USA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

colonialism

A

the obtaining of a country by another by gaining political control and territory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

neo colonialism

A

the use of economic, political and cultural influence to exert power over other countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

direct control

A

maintaining control through hard power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

uni polar

A

a world with one dominant superpower
good as comes across more stable
but need to be able to maintain power everywhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

bi polar

A

a world with two dominant superpowers
stable if divided into 2 opposing blocs
however rivalry could cause a disaster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

multipolar

A

a world with multiple superpowers
may increase risk of conflict as more regional powers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Geopolitical

A

refers to influence of geographical factors on international relations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Blue water navy

A

a navy that can be deployed into open ocean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

diplomacy

A

negotiation and decision making that takes place between nations as part of international agreements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

sphere of influence

A

the geographical area over which a powerful country can assert power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

dependency

A

argues that developing countries remain poor due to their dependence on wealthier countries as terms of trade are stacked against them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

world systems theory

A

a model that divides the world into 3 sections: developed core , developing periphery and semi periphery.
Core regions drive economy ( Industrial)
Periphery regions rely on core region for their resources as they manufacture them and make money off them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

modernisation theory

A

believe that capitalism was the solution to poverty as investment in countries that border USSR will prevent communism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Soft power index

A

measures oversees contribution, number of oversees embassies , income inequality and person freedom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mackinders heartland theory

A

whoever rules eurasia( Russia to China) commands the world as it is a pivot area as it has a large population and huge resources - clearly wrong in modern day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

super power timeline

A

1850-1945- UK and USSR
1945- 1990 -USA and Russia
21st century - China

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

hyper power

A

an unchallenged super power that is dominant in all aspects of power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how physical size and geographical position is used as a control measure

A

larger countries have greater resources and influence ( Russia is largest country and has significant Arctic oil reserves) however the more neighbours you have , the more tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how economic power and influence is used as a control measure

A

GDP measures economic power. Countries with high GDP spend it with large consumer markets which attracts investment and creates global hubs ( G20/Trading blocs influence power)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how demographic power is used as a control measure

A

population size creates a large workforce which is key for economic success as it generates growth. Large population also results in large market. ( Chin and India using their large pops for cheap labour)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how political power is used as a control measure

A

political groups (G8 OECD) work as minded countries to improve member states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how military strength is used as a control measure

A

historically it was vital in determining power however now military spending is a better indicator ( China has largest military)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how cultural influence is used as a control measure

A

TNC’s ( Disney, McDonalds) influence people’s lifestyle around the world.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how access to natural resources is used as a control measure

A

oil, gas and coal are resources that are vital for economic growth, however the possession of them doesn’t guarantee development as many are controlled by TNC’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

imperialism

A

relationship of political, economic or cultural control between locations. ( Intro of Christianity to countries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

colonisation

A

physical settling of people from the colonial power to the country they control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Colonial rule - how colonialism worked

A

British people emigrated to India and educated Indians , the Indians then occupied lower administrative positions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Colonial rule - importance of military

A

The royal navy dominated the seas which provided a link between home country and oversees colonies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

colonial rule - justification for the empire

A

Modernism - Idea that europe could improve the world as it was modern, civilised and superior to the natives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

colonial rule - rise and fall of the empire

A

Economic decline due to overspending in ww2
Loss of military influence
Loss of colonies as they fought back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

colonial rule - end of the empire (Suez crisis)

A

the Egyptian government seized control of Suez canal from UK and France , USA didn’t support them so they had to withdraw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

capitalism

A

businesses are privately owned , free market economy , democratic (USA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

communism

A

businesses belong to state, objective is equality , dictatorship (USSR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

USA and USSR cold war

A

bi polar world during the cold war, both nations believed they were the super power which led to conflicts and tensions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

cold war USA characteristics

A

pop of 287 million
Capitalist
Allies with Western Europe
Cultural influence through film and tv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Cold war - USSR characteristics

A

Pop of 291 million.
Communist
Allies with Eastern Europe
Cultural influence through art and music

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Why USSR lost cold war

A

economy was half the size of UK
military was out dated
they invaded Afganisthan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Exercising power in post colonial world - military

A

independence was gained and kept with civil unrest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Exercising power in post colonial world - politically

A

USA tried to prevent spread of communism through containment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Exercising power in post colonial world - economically

A

IMF and World Bank were set up to give aid to developing countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Exercising power in post colonial world - Culturally

A

western culture continued to spread through films and language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How power is exerted in neo- colonial era- strategic alliances

A

both USA and USSR formed alliances with developing countries via foreign aid

52
Q

How power is exerted in neo- colonial era- Aid

A

aid can be given with conditions controlling how developing countries spend it

53
Q

How power is exerted in neo- colonial era- TNC’s

A

FDI creates big profits for TNC’s but poor wages for developing world

54
Q

How power is exerted in neo- colonial era- Terms of Trade

A

developing countries may export raw materials at low cost so developed countries can manufacture them and make a lot of money

55
Q

How power is exerted in neo- colonial era- Structural adjustment policies ( SAPs)

A

countries who wish to have debt relieved must apply western economic devised by world bank , resulting in loss of economic sovereignty

56
Q

Cultural hegomony - maintaining power

A

power is not maintained by direct force unls there is a threat
power is instead maintained by consent
the values o those in power is accepted by the people
the media reinforces this and its seen as the norm

57
Q

Criticism of neo-colonial world

A

war and conflict can prevent development
corruption in many countries

58
Q

BRIC nations - Brazil overview

A

energy independent , culturally influential
low education levels, deforestation needs controling

59
Q

BRIC nations - Russia overview

A

huge oil and gas reserves, seat on UN
extreme levels of inequality, poor relations with EU and USA

60
Q

BRIC nations - India overview

A

youthful and skilled population , English speaking
very high levels of poverty, future resource shortages

61
Q

BRIC nations - China overview

A

highly educated , largest economy
ageing population , pollution issues

62
Q

Japan - a lesson from history

A

Japan was destined to be a superpower as had higher GDP than UK and USA , however has barely grown since 1995 as property value declined and population became ageing

63
Q

westernisation

A

global spread of western ideas, beliefs and practices

64
Q

free trade

A

the exchange of goods and services with removal of taxes/ tariffs and quotas ( number of goods)

65
Q

IGO’s

A

regional or global organisations whose members are nation states. They uphold international laws and treaties and allow cooperation on global issues

66
Q

WTO

A

focuses on trade and it’s rules. It aims to reduce trade barriers and is currently focusing on reducing poverty by promoting efficient production in developing countries

67
Q

World bank

A

It’s role is to finance development , focusing on natural disasters and emergencies. It gives loans to countries who are struggling

68
Q

IMF

A

original job was to stabilise currencies after the 1930 financial crash and WW2, 190 countries work together to loan money to countries who need it to stabilize their economies

69
Q

WEF ( world economic forum)

A

a swiss non-profit org that aims to promote public-private co-operation

70
Q

The role of TNC’s

A

leading TNC’s originate in global superpowers, they can either be publicly traded TNC’s or state owned TNC’s

71
Q

publicly traded TNC’s

A

their shares are owned by numerous stakeholders around the world
(Walmart, BP, VW)

72
Q

state owned TNC’s

A

they are majorirty/fully owned by the government, they are often large but not well known
( Sinopec, ICBC both Chinese )

73
Q

Developing countries and TNC’s

A

in developing countries, TNC’s are state owned so they can outcompete smaller companies and take them over

74
Q

Criticism as TNC’s being driver of globalisation

A

their pursuit of shareholder profit above anything else

75
Q

Top TNC’s - apple and google value

A

Apple - $170 billion
Google - $120 billion

76
Q

TNC’s and global influence

A

most important factor of a TNC is the cultural impact on global consumers such as US news and media TNC’s that reinforce US cultural message

77
Q

Innovation and TNC’s

A

TNC’s often spend huge amounts of money on new tech and research and development

78
Q

Intellectual property laws

A

protect TNC’s new developments by copyright, trademarks and royalties

79
Q

domination of global royalties reflect

A

the money that went into the product, education is higher in the developed countries

80
Q

USA as global police

A

the US military has intervened many times in foreign countries as it is a member of UN, coloition with other countries

81
Q

NATO

A

a group of 30 countries who support each other in war and unrest as an attack on one is an attack on all, it does this by supplying weapons and soldiers without directly intervening

82
Q

ANZUS ( Aus, NZ, US)

A

aim for collective security in matters in pacific ocean , they allow members to trade and military exercise together

83
Q

EU

A

drafts policy proposals which are then debated by member groups and make sure EU policies are present in all countries . It helps countries financially and allows free movement and trade

84
Q

NAFTA

A

all countries get equal treatments and eliminates tariffs on imports and exports between member states

85
Q

superpowers and the environment

A

superpowers have a large resource footprint as requires energy and natural resources. China is responsible for 49% of coal consumption

86
Q

what China does to aid the environment

A

they signed the paris agreements which aims to reduce C02 emissions and decrease deforestation

87
Q

what USA does to aid the environment

A

aims to reduce emissions by 25% and promote afforestation however Trump withdrew the Paris agreement

88
Q

what EU does to aid the environment

A

all EU members sign the paris agreement and aims to cut GG emissions by 40% by 2030 and move towards an climate neutral economy

89
Q

The global middle class

A

middle class are defined as people with discretionary incomes that they can spend on consumer goods

90
Q

Middle class consumption egs

A

added 1 billion cars on china’s roads
180 million tonnes of meat consumed each year

91
Q

Middle class implications on food

A

presure on food supply in emerging countries , moving basic cereal diet to a meat diet

92
Q

Middle class implications on energy

A

global energy demand is expected to increase by 30% by 2030, leading to price rise and supply shortages

93
Q

middle class implications on water

A

by 2030, 60% of india is expected to face water scarcity. Especially likely to be a problem in Urban areas

94
Q

middle class implications on water

A

demand for minerals (lithium) used in tech has increased , this could increase prices and make demands hard to meet.

95
Q

interdependence

A

the dependence of two or more nations or orgs on each other

96
Q

economic restructuring

A

shifting from an economy based on one sector to an economy based on anothee

97
Q

How tensions are created - counterfeit goods

A

due to increased importance of inventions , NIC’s have created an new market for counterfeit goods which violates international property rights

98
Q

WIPO

A

part of UN which has ensured TNC’s can protect new inventions

99
Q

why WIPO is important

A
  • stops innovations being stolen
  • means the cost of producing is reflected in the selling ( if other people can copy then money has been put into making for nothing)
  • gives an incentive to invent
100
Q

why WIPO has been criticised

A
  • royalties are a cost to developing- nations which can stunt economic growth
101
Q

Counterfeit and China

A

Chinese companies are well know for fake products ( 22 fake apple stores in 2011)
( 70% of all counterfeit originate from china)

102
Q

Why counterfeits is bad for China

A

TNC’s may be reluctant to invest as they know their profits are likely to be reduced

103
Q

Tensions - political spheres of influence

A

a political sphere of influence refers to a political claim , or a legal agreement where countries won’t interfere in another countries sphere of influence

104
Q

Tensions - arctic oil and gas

A

90-100 million barrels of oil are in the arctic , this creates tensions as different countries believe they own them.
Russia US and EU are involved and all have nuclear weapons
This will only increase as see ice melts and it becomes more accessible

105
Q

Tensions - Russia’s western border

A

after collapse of communism , several countries showed interest in joining EU , showing Russia has lost it’s sphere of influence creating tensions between Russia and Western world
The western world has imposed sanctions on Russia , which has isolated them economically

106
Q

Tensions - south and east China sea

A

China is trying to increase it’s sphere of influence by building land in it’s seas. This has created tensions between China and USA as US are close allies with Japan.

107
Q

China and Africa Aid

A

China has invested $60 billion of loans to Africa to help with development
However critics believe China want to improve Africas infrastructure so they can ship raw materials to China ( neo-colonalism)

108
Q

Japan and China tensions

A

relations are weak du to historical reasons but worsened when US troops stationed in Japan after WW1
Japan also adopted a capitalist society , increasing tensions futher

109
Q

Japan and India tensions

A

also had tensions about Himalayan border however China is concerned about India’s military interest in south china sea and India is concerned about China’s good relationship with Pakistan

110
Q

One belt one road strategy

A

a strategy to connect China, Eurasia and Africa to enhance trade . One belt refers to building infrastructure from Russia to Mongolia and one road refers to extending this SE Asia and East Africa

111
Q

Middle East tensions - Religion

A

main religion is Muslim however conflict between Sunni and Shia sects

112
Q

Middle East tensions - oil and gas

A

65% of worlds crude oil originates from ME making it a prize worth fighting for

113
Q

Middle East tensions - governance

A

most of the countries are new states with weak or non existent democracy

114
Q

Middle East tensions - History

A

many international borders drawn on a map by colonial powers and do not reflect actual geography

115
Q

Middle East tensions - USA alliances

A

alliance between USA and Israel has made other middle eastern countries concerned

116
Q

UK superpower challenges - unemployment

A

after mining industry closed , the north experienced serious unemployment which also meant social cohesion was lost

117
Q

Superpower challenges - EU economic

A

EU unemployment was close to 10% in 2016 which was a cost to the tax payer

118
Q

Superpower challenges - USA economic

A

national debt in 206 was $19 trillion

119
Q

Superpower challenges - EU demographics

A

by 2025 20% of EU citizens will be over 65 meaning they are facing an ageing population

120
Q

Superpower challenges - US politics

A

in parts of country there is deadlock between republicans and democrats

121
Q

Superpower challenges - EU resources

A

EU is energy insecure , it relies on gas and oil imports from Russia

122
Q

Superpower challenges - USA social

A

health spending uses 17% of US anual GDP, as obesity is a growing issue

123
Q

Superpower challenges - USA social

A

health spending uses 17% of US annual GDP, as obesity is a growing issue

124
Q

US hegomony

A

US is dominant as china faces an economic crisis

125
Q

Regional mosaic

A

emerging powers grow and EU and US decline in relative terms , creating a multi polar world

126
Q

The new cold war

A

China becomes equal in power to US and nations align with one or the other - creating a bi polar world

127
Q

Asian century

A

power shifts to merging powers in Asia , led by china

Geography paper 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions