Regeneration Flashcards
primary sector
extraction of raw materials ( farming)
secondary sector
manufacturing raw materials ( factory)
tertiary sector
providing services ( teacher)
quarternary sector
research services ( scientist)
how income effects qol
lower income often results in lower qol
Rural areas- sectors
more activity in primary sector , low pay and manual
urban area - sectors
more activity in secondary and tertiary sector
Locations of quarternary sectors
clustered in specific areas ( Oxford and Cambridge)
self employment
pay less tax
seasonal employment
low paid ( tourism, agriculture)
illegal employment
poor conditions, poor pay
zero hours
no set contract
permanent emloyment
part of an agency
3 economic measures of regeneration
income levels , improved economic features , employment rates
3 environmental measures of regeneration
air/water quality
green space
dereliction
4 social measures of regeneration
( ELND)
net migration
demographic change
life expectancy
educational outcomes
4 Stakeholders of regeneration
residents
businesses
local/national government
property developers
administrative functions of a place
schools, offices
industrial functions of a place
factories/ warehouses
retail functions of a place
shops /supermarkets
commercial functions of a place
firms/ accountants
4 functions of a place
commercial, retail, industrial, administrative
3 things affecting demography of a place
ethnic composition
age of population
gentrification
gentrification
LI people being displaced by affluent people
6 factors influencing attachment to a place
Personal ( family)
Physical landscapes
Human Landscapes
Economic past
Religious past
Media image
Transient population
moving population so lack of engagement
What does attachment influence
how engaged people will be in the process of change
Clarke Fisher Model
shows the changes from pre industrial - industrial to post industrial britain and how sector of employment changed
4 reasons a structure of a place may change
access to other places
post production
change in consumer trends
government intervention
4 measures of change in places
land use changes
levels of deprivation
demographic changes
employment changes
primary sector and health
lower health as more manual work , lower income and exposure to harmful chemicals such as keregon
food deserts
LI areas often are home to many fast food outlets
5 factors determining Life Expectancy
gender
income
job
education
healthcare
morbidity
measure of someones ill health
longevity
measure of how long someone will live
IMD ranks each small area in UK from most to least deprived , what’s the 7 indexes of deprivation ( ICBHEEL)
Income
Employment
Health
Crime
Education
barriers to housing and services
living environment
UK income equality
richest 1% receive 13% of all income
Education inequality
In UK education is unequal , income levels correlate with education outcome
high inequality and economy
it will reduce economic growth , some argue trickle down effect where wealth from richest trickles down
3 features of a successful region
attract investment , good transport/infrastructure, low deprivation
features of an unsuccessful region
declining investment , high deprivation , ageing population, spiral of decline
perception of success - young people
want a range of oppurtunities - want facilities such as bars and clubs
perception of success - retirees
want a slower pace - want facilities such as transport, groups and healthcare
perception of success - unskilled/ unemployed
have negative views about QOL in their area
Sink estates
council estates - least desirable to live in
in need of most support
Gated communities
wealthy people separated from others ( common in south Africa)
commuter villages
lack services for population
overcrowded
declining rural settlements
no affordable housing for young people , lead to spiral of decline
social polarisation
segregation in society due to inequality
marginalised groups
people who feel under represented
discrimination
can occur to ethnic minorities
political views
contrasting ones cause conflict
competing priorities
invetsment in some areas competes with investment in other areas ( HS2 and Grenfell)
UK and migration target
UK target for net migration is 100,000 a year
Diaspora
large number of people from an ethnic group living in clusters as they’re own area in a city
Eg of diaspora
large clusters of eastern europeans in Lincolnshire creating their own community
economic positives of migrants
fill skill shortages
young, working adults who pay taxes
economic negatives of migrants
more pressure on services
may be hired over british people if more skilled
Ethnic attacks increase
impact identity of a place
informal methods of representing a place
tourist boards, advertising agencies ,
formal methods of representing a place
government stats , GIS, census
what shows engagement in local community
local/council election turnout
3 factors influencing decision to vote
language barriers
lack of trust in politicians
lack of sense of community
5 Factors affecting attachment to a place
age
length of residence
ethicity/shared culture
studentification
memories
4 qualitative methods of regen evaluation
photos
paintings
TV shows
written documents
3 quantitive methods of regen evaluation
census data
index multiple deprivation
labour force surveys
3 Methods to facilitate regeneration
infrastructure - HS2
energy - Nuclear station
regulation
UK regen - Local enterprise partnerships
since 2010 regen has been led by private investment
UK regen - flagship buildings
buidlings with high visual impact receive planning permission- Big Ben
UK regen - regional development agencies
combine public and private investment
UK regen - house shortages
severe housing shortage
4 ways to attract investment
good transport infrastructure
housing/offices etc
science parks
interest groups
tension and interest groups
work with local authority to attract investmenet however different groups have different ideas
4 Regen startergies
retail led
tourism led
sport led
culture led
3 ways an urban area could be rebranded
museums, Quaysides and apartments from industrial past ( Bristol temple quarter)
3 ways to rebrand a rural area
farming unusual animals
farm shops
campsites
Detroit Rustbelt - what was in known for
was known as motown as was home to 4 big motor companies which created jobs for a lot of detroit
Detroit Rustbelt- what happened
car manufacturing moved to Japan which led to de industrilisation.
White flight to suburbs and centre was home to LI black people who couldn’t pay so stuff got repossessed
Detroit Rustbelt - effects
28% unemployment rate
problems with drugs and crime
rows of burnt out houses
1/3rd of population are below poverty line
Middlesborough built environment
whole streets boarded up, fly tipping , antisocial behaviour
Middlesborough unemployment
unemployment rate is 13%
in 30% of households there is no body working
what caused Middlesbrough to decline
deindustrilistion and SSI steelworks closure
Middlesbrough - what makes it unsuccessful
high levels of unemployment , low education - unattractive for investment
Bristols regen - 2 places
docks - retail , leisure, residential purpose
however flats were low quality but pricey
Cabot Circus - joint private and council investment
attracts people and investment
Why are businesses attracted to Sydney
half of Aus top 500 companies are based there
academic, young and economically active workforce
Sydney - evidence it’s succesful
GDP of $337 billion in 2013
450,000 businesses based there
Berkshire - housing issue
demand for living space has made it one of the most expensive areas in UK
property prices in Berkshire
risen by 40-50% in 10 years
Berkshire employment
half population is employed in knowledge based professional work
Berkshire - what makes it successful
M4 corridor, pleasent environment , high tech industry
Hartcliffe - Deprivation effects
high social housing , low life expectancy , poor health , high crime rate, media has negative image
What caused Hartcliffes Deprivation
Imperial tobacco used to employ many there but left so now little investment
Reasons for Docklands decline
strikes backfired
poor transport links
wasteland
History of London Docklands
handled 60 mil tonnes of cargo a year
employed 150,000
London Dockland effect on private investment
every £1 spent , £10 of private investment attracted
London Dockland regen- effect on community’s jobs
training projects improved qualifications
London Dockland effect on transport
limestone link connects Docklands to London
£450 million spent
London Dockland effect on housing
50,000 new homes
8000 council houses improved
London Dockland effect on environment
600 hectares of derelict land regenerated
parks and river improved
cost £300 million
Cornwall - why its rurally deprived
isolated and reliant on tourism - brain drain
second homes that locals can’t afford
4 projects to regen Cornwall
Eden project - generated income but also congestion
Watergate bay - sports academy attracts young people but tourism
high fibre broadband - media companys can locate
unis - skilled workforce , stop brain drain
civic engagement
turnout in local and general elections
Marginalisation
on edge of society
5 factors affecting lived experiences
age
ethnicity
gender
length of residence
how deprived
Conflict in a community - Causes London riots 2011
ethnic tension , inequality,
lack of economic opportunity
warm summer so people drinking on street
Northen powerhouse
a proposal to boost economic growth in North of England
Evidence of North South divide
higher income in south
6.6% unemployment in North and 3.3% in South
Life expectancy in Manchester is 71.8 and in Chelsea 84.7
Examples of infrastructure regen in UK
HS2
Hinkley C
high speed broadband
Examples of social regen in UK
academies and free school programmes
CUC cornwall
HS2
key for northern power house
connecting Birmingham to London
Flagship project
a large scale scheme that are high cost and time consuming ( HS2, heathrow runway)
pathfinder project
working on northern areas in significant decline and rebuilding them
features of local enterprise zone
discounts for businesses
tax relief
simplified planning permission
superfast broadband
purpose of science parks
present an area for being suitable for inward investment
9 types of regen strategies
( TNSITMRS)
themed event
new settlements
sustainable communities
infrastructure
technology
retail led
marketing heritage
improved businesses
sports, art and culture
Why economic change was needed - olympic regen
east end had no jobs
young people had no access to training
why social change was needed - Olympic regen
lack of affordable housing
Newham salary is a fifth of Kensington
why environmental change was needed - Olympic regen
contaminated land
toxic waste
Local residents view of Olympic regen
good as provided jobs however bad as some were evicted
Businesses owners view of olympic regen
bad as evicted
Enviromentalists view of olympic regen
good as toxic sights were cleaned up
Government , Mayor view of olympic regen
yes as housing, money and economy benefitted
Social reasons for Cornwall’s regen
brain drain as young people leaving
village stores and post offices closing down
a house in cornwal cost 8x average salary
economic reasons for Cornwall’s regen
primary industry suffered decline
EU withdrawal of subsidies led to farming decline
poor transport makes economic growth difficult
