Health Human Rights and Intervention Flashcards
1
Q
3 ways access to education can help development
A
increased skills - more people in better jobs
controlled family sizes - more oppurtunities
better nutrition, hygiene and health
2
Q
Africa and Education
A
In many parts of Africa secondary education is below 60%
3
Q
Gender inequality in education
A
majority of countries have inequality in access to education towards men
4
Q
Factors preventing fair access to education - wealth
A
wealthier people can move to an area that has better education
wealthier countries invest in education
5
Q
Factors preventing fair access to education - Ethnicity
A
in some countries there is prejudice to race so they’re not educated
however in UK white males are most underachieving and least motivated
6
Q
Factors preventing fair access to education - Physical and mental disability
A
lack of specialised schools
disabled people need access to get to school which is expensive
child with mental disability may need laptop - expensive
7
Q
Factors preventing fair access to education - social class
A
higher class people have money to spend on education
this means they have a better education and reputation which helps them get better jobs
8
Q
Factors preventing fair access to education - Gender
A
many countries don’t see it important to educate women meaning men are often better educated
9
Q
Why education rates are low - LIC’s
A
often have a high birth rate and high poverty rate so children need to work to provide for the family
10
Q
Factors preventing fair access to education - Conflict
A
in warzones it’s dangerous to go to school ( 14,000 attacks on education in 34 countries over 5 years )
11
Q
Factors preventing fair access to education - Child marriage
A
38% of sub- saharan girls are married before 18.
12
Q
Factors preventing fair access to education - lack of trained teachers
A
25.8 million teachers are required by 2030 due to bad pay, low training
13
Q
Factors preventing fair access to education - religion/culture
A
men are seen as money earners in some religions so their education is prioritised whereas girls are needed at home
14
Q
Factors preventing fair access to education - Periods
A
LIC’s girls can’t afford sanitary products so drop out of school ( 1 in 5 girls in India drop out of school after their periods start)
15
Q
life expectancy
A
age someone is expected to live to
16
Q
mortality rate
A
number of people dying
17
Q
mortality rate - LIC’s Vs HIC’s
A
LIC- may be high due to child birth deaths
HIC- may be high due to ageing population
18
Q
Factors affecting life expectancy in LIC’s - food access
A
food in LIC’s in limited and lacks vitamins and protein - reduces immunity
19
Q
Factors affecting life expectancy in LIC’s - access to reliable drugs
A
no NHS meaning drugs have to be paid for and no guarantee they aren’t counterfeit
20
Q
Factors affecting life expectancy in LIC’s - access to healthcare
A
rural areas in LIC’s have poor access to healthcare so illnesses aren’t treated making them life threatening
21
Q
Factors affecting life expectancy in LIC’s - sanitation
A
toilets go into rivers that others drink from - diseases
22
Q
Factors affecting life expectancy in LIC’s- water supply
A
water often isn’t clean and sewage and drinking water not kept separate
23
Q
Why Life expectancy varies in the UK - sector of employment
A
unskilled, manual labour is lower by 7 years
24
Q
Why Life expectancy varies in the UK- diet and life choices
A
alcohol and smoking reduce LE by 4 years
25
Why Life expectancy varies in the UK- height
tall men live longer
26
Why Life expectancy varies in the UK- homelessness
lowers LE by 12 years
27
Why Life expectancy varies in the UK- Glasgow effect
Glasgow has lowest LE in UK ( 54 in males) due to poor diet and lifestyle choices
28
Factors affecting Life Expectancy in HIC's - food
access to a varied and nutritional diet
29
Factors affecting Life Expectancy in HIC's - healthcare
free vaccinations to children which reduces spread of disease
30
Factors affecting Life Expectancy in HIC's - lifestyle choices
more disposable income to spend on alcohol and rugs which lowers LE
31
Factors affecting Life Expectancy in HIC's - housing quality
some houses are of poor quality and mouldy which can cause illnesses
32
Factors affecting Life Expectancy in HIC's - education
education is often compulsory which increases LE
33
Factors affecting Life Expectancy in HIC's - stress
high levels of stress in high earning jobs - lowers LE
34
Aboriginals in Australia - Life Expectancy Case Study
LE is lower in aboriginals as they are treated as minority group
( in cities LE- 84 / aboriginals - 75)
35
Aboriginals in Australia - Life Expectancy Case Study ( Health)
infant mortality rate is double
50% of type 2 diabetes occurs in indigenous communities
cancer more common
36
Aboriginals in Australia - Life Expectancy Case Study- (Economy)
higher rates of unemployment ( 18.4% compared to 6.8%)
less than 3% of indigenous people have a degree
37
Aboriginals in Australia - Life Expectancy Case Study ( Life)
obesity is 66% higher in aborigine adults
38
Mali (LIC with low life expectancy) - Birth rate
43 births per 1000 which is largest in he world and has led to over crowding
39
Mali (LIC with low life expectancy) -child mortality
extreme infant and child mortality - in 2015 114 out of 1000 children died before 5
40
Mali (LIC with low life expectancy) - disease
24% of deaths are due to Malaria
2nd highest level of severe anaemia in children
41
Mali (LIC with low life expectancy) - doctors
1 in 4 births take place with someone trained
shortage of doctors - 0.1 hospital bed per 1000 people
42
development
the way in which a country seeks to develop economically to improve standard of living for habitants
43
measures of development - GDP
the gross domestic product of a country includes its total output from the production of goods and services, not including hidden economies.
44
measures of development - HDI
the human development index is a composite indicator comprised of GNI per capita, education (years of schooling) and life expectancy.
45
measures of development - GII
the gender inequality index includes women’s reproductive health, empowerment and labour market participation.
46
measures of development - EPI –
the environmental performance index includes air quality, water/sanitation, biodiversity, resources, agriculture, forests, climate, energy and fisheries.
47
measures of development HPI –
the happy plant index combines 4 elements to show how effectively different countries residents use environmental resources to lead happy and long lives.
48
HPI equation
HPI = 𝒘𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒃𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒔𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒆) × 𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒚 (𝑼𝑵)× 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 (𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒓𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐)𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒕 (𝑮𝒍𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝑵𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌)
49
Health and development - Hans Rosling
an academic who believed improving the environment, health, life expectancy and human rights were key goals for development and the best way to do this is by developing a country’s economy as it allows investment in other areas of the country.
50
government roles in development policies - socialist governments
welfare stated funded by taxpayers. High spending on social justice e.g. healthcare and education e.g. Sweden.
51
government roles in development policies - capitalist governments
committed to economic development with spending in favour of industrial and business infrastructure e.g. USA.
52
government roles in development policies - democratic governments
votes for social progress needs to be considered e.g. UK.
53
government roles in development policies - Totalitarian government –
leadership pursues their own objectives without worrying about the attitudes of people e.g. North Korea.
54
government roles in development policies - Social progress –
how a country improves in terms of their social, political and economic structures. Government policies influence human development.
55
factors that accelerate social progress -government intervention
creating a national health service, providing subsidising housing for the poor, ensuring free education, improves health and education.
56
factors that accelerate social progress - Social enterprise –
businesses that trade for a social or environmental purpose.
57
factors that accelerate social progress - social activism
intentional actions aimed at bringing about social change
58
economic development
drives most countries human development. The government determines spending on health and enriching human development
59
IGO's roles in development policies
they have often promoted development through neo- liberal means such as free trade and free market capitalism. The belief is this will aid development due to trickle down affect
60
IGO's roles in development policies - The world bank and education
part of UN and helps countries develop. It helps education by focusing on secondary and higher education by investing in educational programmes
61
IGO's roles in development policies - The world bank and environment
it's investing in renewable energy , mitigating climate and providing early warning systems
62
IGO's roles in development policies- IMF
provides economic stability by providing loans.
Created a poverty reduction programme where countries make their own development plans to receive aid , loans and debt relief
63
IGO's roles in development policies - WTO
promotes free trade through agreements, debt reduction and promoting development.
Their projects previously harmed the environment so they are restricting movements of products that could be harmful
64
structural adjustment plans
a series of conditions that forced the state to play a reduced role in the economy which involves privatisation of energy and water companies and less spending on health and education
65
what is a millennium development goal
- include eradicating extreme poverty, hunger , achieving primary education , gender equality , reducing mortality rates , combatting diseases and ensuring a sustainable environment
66
effect millennium goal has had on poverty
reduced people living in extreme poverty by 56%
67
effect millennium goal has had on malaria
averted 6.2milion deaths by treatment
68
effect millennium goal has had on sanitation
2.1 billion have gained better sanitation
69
sustainable development goals
17 goals to be achieved by 2030 to end poverty , protect the planet and ensure prosperity however they are not legally binded.
70
human rights
moral principles that underline standards of human behaviour , they are universal and egalitarian
71
Universal Declaration of Human rights
UN produced an international bill of rights signed in 1948 to provide a common understanding based on freedom, justice and peace.
However not all countries signed it but although didn't end human rights abuses it helped many gain freedom and security
72
European convention on human rights
formed in 1949 to establish better relations with European countries after WW2.
A treaty was signed on human rights that has been drafted into countries laws so has had a huge impact on protecting human rights in Europe
73
The UK's 1998 Human Rights act
requires all public bodies to respect and protect human rights and has been incorporated into British law so any new laws established must abide by it
74
The Geneva convention
- 4 conventions designed to be a body of rules to protect people in conflict
- used to determine what counts as a war crime
- however few cases of violation actually get trialled
( USA have been criticised for guantanamo bay)
75
issue with HR and economic growth
few countries that give HR precedence over economic growth and the interpretation of them varies between countries
76
North Korea and HR abuses
- no defence
- execution of people who disagree
- no freedom of speech
- food shortages and famine
- only 1 political party and most corrupt government in world
77
South Korea and HR abuses
- no right to public protest
- 1st election wasn't held until 1987
78
democracy
key aspect of human rights - a democratic system allows people to vote out government that is doing a bad job
79
types of democracy
- full democracy ( UK)
- flawed democracy - elections are fair but some issues ( India)
- hybrid regimes - elections aren't fair ( turkey)
- authoritarian regimes - dictatorship
80
China and authoritarian government
- Christianity is barely tolerated
- Buddishm and Islam are supressed
- internet is censored
- only one political party
81
India and flawed democracy
despite religious freedom , there is religious violence.
protests are common but so is police violence
they have the largest democratic elections in the world
82
political corruption
means there is a deflection of cash and little accountability for HR issues. It involves rigging and private interests to dictate policies
83
index of corruption
measures perceived level of corruption in 180
84
corruption effects
reduces levels of trust and threatens HR as systems become unfair and support groups with power. It may affect political system by faviroutism of businesses and may against health and safety laws
85
Lebanon and corruption
- 43% of companies frequently pay bribes
- no elections from 2013-2017
- torture of prisoners
- basic services not provides
86
Zimbabwe and corruption
- in 1980 Mugabe came into power and held questionable elections, was corrupt and denied HR
- land grabbing too land from white people
- this created food shortages
87
Myanmar and corruption
- unelected military is 25% of parliament and can veto any decision
- no free elections until 2015
88
colonialism
where an external nation takes direct control of a terrtitory , often by force
89
neo - colonialism
use of political, economic, cultural or other pressures to control or influence other countries
90
Colonialism - Europe and Africa
has created a fractious environment
- Europe's powers divided up Africa to grab land and oil
- when independence came Africa had little experience on how to run a country which led to chaos
91
Rwanda - a post colonial state
- German colony in 1884 but was taken over by Belgium after WW1
- 3 subgroups - Hutu (84%) Tutsi (15%) Taw(1%)
- after years of tension the Hutu decided to eliminate the Tutsi so many Tutsi fled by 80,000 were murdered
- The rwandan party invaded and took back control and 2 million Hutu fed
- stability has returned but the tension between tribes is still present
92
North and South America - tribes and HR
- 46 million people live in the Americas
- they are often marginalised and their environment is under threat due to mining and oil etc
- they are being driven off their homelands
- they are poorer, less educated and more likley to commit suicide
93
gender inequality in UK
- in 2013 , 16.1% of women were without a qualification compared to 18.9% of men
94
gender inequality in Bolivia
- gender violence causes more deaths for women aged 15-44 than anything else
- women have little access to health and education
95
gender inequality in Afghanistan
- when taliban took power in 1996
- women couldn't go out alone , watch TV , be employed or get medical attention
96
geopolitical
the influences of both human and physical geography on politics , especially international relations
97
motives for geopolitical intervention
- protecting human rights
- aiding development
- strengthening security
- encouraging health
98
geopolitical intervention- development aid
financial aid given to support countries development , mainly from governments and IGO's.
99
geopolitical intervention- trade embargoes
a ban that restricts trade with a country to change it's actions or hinders it economy.
They are international law by EU and UN and can be used to reduce threat of countries
100
eg of a trade embargoe
- US trade embargo on Cuba which resulted in both countries losing out
101
geopolitical intervention - military aid
money , weapons , equipment or expertise given to countries to help fight terrorism and protect borders.
Can be used in developing countries where HR are at risk
102
geopolitical intervention - military action
air strikes/ troops or providing troops to protect people , can be used to protect people from their own government
103
promoting intervention - NGO's
non government organisations who protect the environment , increase education , develop partnerships.
They are neutral and remain equidistant from both sides
104
promoting intervention - Amnesty International
- founded in 1961
- a mass membership organisation funded by members and supporters to promote direct action
105
promoting intervention - human rights watch
- founded in 1978
- funded by wealthy individuals
- puts pressure on governments to take action and intervene
106
promoting intervention - validity of intervention
often questioned as can lead to wider conflict and is difficult
107
western governments and intervention
often use HR violations to offer aid , negotiate or intervene.
They do this on R2P principle.
108
controversial interventions - Yemen 2015
- civil war broke out in 2015 between two muslim groups
- Al - queda and IS complicated this
- British supplied weapons were used to destroy medical clinics and charities
- 6500 people were killed
- many think political intervention would be better than military
109
promoting intervention - Libya 2011
- in 2011 many Libyans turned against their government.
- they were repressed and killed
- UN intervened and Britain and France sent bombing raids
- Libya is still unstable since many areas are outside government control
110
national sovereignty
every country has a right to govern itself without interference from other countries
111
advantages of bilateral aid
- quicker and more flexible
- provides control on where and how money is spent
112
bilateral aid
aif is given but the country who provides it has some control over where it is spent
113
tied aid
bilateral aid but something is expected in return
114
multilateral aid
less tied to political interests and used more by IGO's and NGO's
115
pergua dam - eg of tied aid
- Dam in Malaysia built with £234 million of British aid
- In return thatcher wanted Malaysia to spend £1 billion on British fighter jets
- it was criticised as a big waste of money with no long term benefits to Malaysia
116
Haiti - eg of bad aid
- following 2010 earthquake £12 billion of aid was given
- the corruption in the country meant aid wasn't met at the right place and many people were still in temporary shelters
- many areas and people were ignored and the aid didn't boost the economy
117
success of aid - eradicating malaria
between 2000- 2014 there was a 48% decline in malria deaths due to aid from countries where they gave nets, indoor spraying and medicines
118
success of aid - gender equality
between 2006- 2015 gender pariaty in education and health was almost achieved but not in all economic and political terms.
119
success of aid - MDG's
the successes of these were partly from aid.
gender equality and extreme poverty improved and maternal mortality declined
120
economic intervention can
create jobs and companies pay tax but FDI from TNCs can show they are guilty of generating issues
121
economic intervention - Oil in Niger delta
- Delta has been exploited by companies such as Shell
- long history of oil spills and corruption
- in 1990 the Ogoni people started protests about damage from oil pollution but 8 tribe leaders were executed
122
economic intervention - land grabbing in Kenya
- President Moi started to use land grabbing as a bribe for tribes
- it has impacts on public finances, development and land pricing
- 85% of population rely on agriculture for livelihood
- ethnic groups are excluded from landowner ships and people own little land
123
military intervention - global strategic intrests
- these influence how a country reacts
- often trump any consideration of HR
- however HR are often given as a reason which boosts public support and gives legitamacy
124
military interventions - Libya 2011
- Arab spring causes protestors forcing a crackdown from the government
- the UN authorised use of force to counteract Ghdaffi's force
- UK and French airstrikes were vital in seeing an end to his reign
- Although he is gone , the removal of one regime has destabilised the situation
125
argument for military aid
it can pressure recipient nations to improve their HR records
126
argument against military aid
aid to a country where HR are abused is in effect conditioning them
127
Unjustified Military intervention - Iraq
- western powers argued Iraq has weapons of mass destruction
- they therefore proposed military action agaisnt Suddam Hassain however UN didn't agree
- no weapons were ever found by nearly 200,000 people died from US intervention
- but maternal and infant mortality did improve
128
Columbia - military aid
- one of the biggest recipients of US aid
- however HR abuses are poor
- widespread torture by military and parliamentary forces
- US government argues it imposed HR conditions on aid money
129
Torture
any act by which physical or mental pain or suffering is intentionally inflicted on someone to gain information
130
Rendition
secret transfer of a terror suspect without legal processes to a foreign government for detention or torture
131
9/11 and war on terror
- US declared a war on terror after 9/11
- the war on Iraq was justified using this policy
- the war on Afghanistan was also justified using this as they were funding terror camps
132
Guantanamo Bay
The US have imprisoned suspects without trial and tortured people to obtain information
The UK supported this by allowing US planes to refuel
133
measurement of success for geopolitical interventions - characteristics of a western culture that success is judged on
- democracy
- individualism
- consumerism
- technology
- economic freedom
134
measurement of success for geopolitical interventions - characteristics of a developing world that success is measured on
- economic growth with little thought about HR
135
why measuring success of geopolitical interventions differs from countries
as western world values are different to the developing world who only value economic growth
136
US view on geopolitical interventions
51% of Americans believe they give too much aid to developing countries
137
issue with measuring if geopolitical aid has had an impact on HR
HR are difficult to measure compared to human development which is measured by hard data such as life expectancy
138
Haiti - figures that show aid has improved human development
- 59.9% more children completed primary education
- child mortality decreased by 33.8%
139
India - figures that show aid has improved human rights
-a 0.058 change in GII between 2000-2014 which shows the country became more equal
140
external factors that could influence the perception of success of a geopolitical intervention
- oil price fluctuations
- how data is interpreted
141
what data has showed about geopolitical interventions
shows improvements in gender equality, life expectancy , health and education but little improvement in freedom of speech
142
economic growth as a measure of success
- economic growth promises power and prosperity so can be used to measure success however doesn't always mean HR have been considered
143
economic figures that shows aid to Uganda improved the country
- exports have increased by 144%
- GDP rose from $342 to $664
- no. of people living on less than $1 a day fell from over 50% to under 40%
144
economic figures that show aid to China improved the country
-now is 2nd largest economy in the world
- population has increased by almost half since 1976
145
democracy as a measure of success of geopolitical interventions
- democratic institutions are based on the concepts of equality and freedom , it often leads to economic growth and equality
146
democracy aid
funds allocated for democracy building that focus on supporting a civil society and strengthening government institutions
147
freedom of expression
the right to express your opinions openly that is a fundamental right in UDHR
148
collapse of USSR - democracy as a measure of success
- it was a superpower locked in a cold war
- in 1990's satellite powers shook off their control
- after WW2 the soviet union spilt into 15 countries who viewed capitalism as more successful that communism
149
why measuring success of development aid is difficult
- there is little data available
- outputs don't match inputs as some aid money is lost due to corruption
150
development aid being successful - Ebola
- 2014 there was an Ebola outbreak which claimed 12,000 deaths in 18 months
- the UN set up an Ebola team to educate, monitor, bury and give medical supplies
- there was a sharp fall in Ebola in 2015 due to this and in 2016 the region became Ebola free
151
development aid being successful - Botswana
- receives development aid due to the issue of HIV/Aids
- the country is developed but AIDs has cut life expectancy
- aid has allowed anti-retroviral drugs to be available
152
figure that show although Haiti has received aid they are still hugely unequal
- richest 20% have 47.1% of GDP
- poorest 20% have 5.5% of GDP
153
why superpowers need to give aid
as it will dictate foreign policy and enhance global status which helps secure strategic locations , future supplies , alliances and global spheres of influence
154
China providing aid to sub- Saharan Africa
China has provided aid for development of resources for Sub Saharan Africa that should be mutually beneficial but China's demand for resources drives the aid
155
Jordan aid - developing military alliances
Jordan received $750million between 2014-2016 in return for military support against IS
It carries out air strikes , allows use of military bases and shares intelligence with partners
156
why military interventions are controversial
- they bring death and destruction
157
what can make a military intervention successful
- a clear exit strategy
- clear intention
- country is left in a better state than it was before intervention
158
short term gains of military intervention
- stopping persecution of minority groups
- protecting resource pathways
159
long term costs of military intervention
- instability
- difficulty bringing in democracy
- growth of terrorism
- lengthy conflicts
160
The 3 pillars of Right to protect principle
1 - a state has a legal responsibility to maintain stability and enforce HR
2- a state is responsible for protecting citizens and resolving tensions
3- there may be occasions where a state needs help from UN to protect it's citizens
161
non military interventions
can sometimes be more successful and effective leading to long term improvements in HR development ( UN peacekeepers)
162
3 UN peacekeeper principles
- must have consent of all parties in conflict
- must remain neutral and impartial
- force shouldn't be used other than in self defence
163
Cote d'Ivoire - an example of successful non military intervention
- was a former French colony with an economy based off coca and coffee
- in 1999 there was an attempt to overthrow the government
- 3 years later a civil war between Muslims and Christians broke out
- UN peacekeepers restored peace by 2007
- 2010 an election took place and the muslims won which caused further protests to UN was deployed again to promote HR
164
no intervention
a lack of action has global consequences which may cause economic , social, political and environmental problems with HR
165
Zimbabwe - example of no intervention
- HR abuses include attacks and imprisonment of anyone who opposes the government
- no intervention due to it being a former British colony so intervention could be linked to colonialism
- it is also believed that Mugabe ( the government) doesn't threaten global peace so intervention isn't necessary
166
France's government spending
- highest levels of government spending as a % from GDP in G20 (56%)
- health care is mainly state funded but top up insurance is paid
- welfare and pensions are high ( average is a £15,000 annual state pension )
- education spending is also high ( £8500 per student per year)
167
Saudi Arabia government spending
- healthcare is 80% state funded
- healthcare is free
- pensions are low
- education spending is lower than France
