Globalisation Flashcards
5 types of flows
capital
commodities
migrants
information
tourists
How internet has aided globalisation
info can flow freely between countries
4 types of globalisation
social , economic , political, cultural
developments of transport in 1800s - steam power
Britain became leading power in steam power which moved goods quickly
developments of transport - jet aircrafts ( 1960s)
easy jets expansion enabled tourism to expand.
flights are cheaper and faster so culture spreaded
development of transport - container ships ( 1950s)
containers allowed a large amount of goods to be transported globally at a low price , resulting in a larger market and lower price for producers
developments in communication - telegraphs and telephones
cables installed beneath the ocean has sped up decision making and enabled companies to locate in other countries e.g. TNCs.
developments in technology - broadband and fibreoptic
information relayed by cables across the ocean allows transfer of information e.g. stock markets/email.
developments in technology - GIS and GPS
enables accurate location positioning and tracking of orders, vessels or lorries.
developments in technology - the internet and social media
increased connectivity between people so migrants can call home and families can connect
developments of transport in 1800s - railway
rail expanded globally
shrinking world effect
the world feeling like its closer due to globalisation and space - time compression
6 features of switched off regions
landlocked
harsh climate
no trade bloc
lack of energy resources
dictatorship
poor education
Sahel region - switched off region
very dry - poor crop yields
landlocked - no exports
TNCs won’t invest there
North Korea - switched off region
dictatorship - no internet access
no imported/exported goods
AT Kearney index 4 factors
political engagement
personal contact
technological connectivity
economic integration
KOF Index
calculated anually to find economic/social/political globalisation
Indicators of globalisation
flow of people/ flow of FDI
IGO’s - WTO
Reduces tariffs on manufactured goods for members
allow interaction of economies
IGO’s- IMF
encourages expansion of trade and growth
members work together
IGO’s- World Bank
provides grants and loans to LIC’s so they can develop
3 features of free trade blocs
removal of tarrifs - taxes
removal of quotas - limit
free movement ( EU)
Free trade blocs
increase interconnections between countries ( EU and NAFTA)
government policies - Free market liberalisation
removes state influence in economy
government policies - privatization
state owned business sold to TNCs - idea is they will run more efficently
government policies - encouraging business start ups
to boost certain industries that are globally important
government policies - SEZ’s
industrial zones often by the coats , used to attract TNC’s
they offer lower tarriffs and taxes to TNC
and reduced rent price
TNC’s role in globalization - global connection networks
- where interconnected links extend across national boundaries and integrate parts of national and sub-national territories.
- They provide a framework that encompasses all members in the production systems.
TNC’s role in globalization - Glocalisation
- where goods and services are adapted to increase appeal in other markets
- It is a marketing technique that combines cultural respect and self-interest e.g. McDonald’s vegetarian restaurants in India for Sikhs and Hindus.
TNC’s role in globalization - outsourcing/offshoring
- outsourcing is when work is contracted to another company
- offshoring is when a company does work overseas. It creates jobs and provides incomes. People then invest in the local economy and attract investment.
subsidies to TNC’s
government offer TNC’s subsidies to attract FDI
Megacities
city with pop of over 10 million
1990 - 10 megacities
2030- predicted 41 megacities
pull factors
better employment/education/qol
push factors
lack of education/healthcare/sanitation
Karachi - Pakistan Megacity
grows 5% a year , generates 25% of Pakistan GDP
problems with Karachi
50% live in slums - biggest slum home to 2.4mil
government receives little taxes
Global shift
movement of global economic centre of gravity via shift of manufacturing from west to east
India - Global shift
seen increase in services as TNC locate there because good spoken english
increased economy by $150 million
3 positives of global shift
higher wages - more disposable income
improved infrastructure
education and training
4 negatives of global shift
loss of productive land
unplanned settlements
pollution
poor working conditions
eg of unplanned settlements
rio - poor sanitation
eg of poor working conditions
China - workers ill from chemicals
eg of loss of biodiversity
Nigeria - lost 50% of forested area
protectionism - limiting globalisation
adding higher tarriffs to imported goods to increase sale of local goods
censorship - limiting globalisation
controlling what can be accessed online
localism
increasing sutainability by reducing food miles
transition towns
a movement to produce local sourcing
( Totness , Devon)
pros and cons of localism on consumer
expensive
organic farming has health benefits
pros and cons of localism on producers
- less economic development for producer countries
- value of UK manufactured goods is increasing
pros and cons of localism on environment
- Greenhouses are used in the winter which are expensive and contribute to the carbon footprint.
- Local sourcing helps people think about helping to reduce the carbon footprint.
cultural erosion and impacts
the loss of a culture for a western view
less care on environment - demand resoruces
PNG Tribes - cultural erosion
7000 tribes in PNG - speak own language
1 in 4 at risk of being lost
western ideas have been introduced
tensions of migration
migrants and locals may not intergrate well
strain on services
different needs
cultural diffusion
spreading of one culture to another due to globalisation
elite migrant
wealthy migrants who are welcomed as bring investment
( Doctors for NHS)
benefit and drawback of elite migrants
B - attract FDI , fill skill gap in host country
D- skill gap, lack investment in source country
low wage migrants
less skilled workers moving to find work
benefit and drawback of low wage migrants
B - Cheap labour for host country
D- Skill gap created in source country, poor working conditions
spiral of decline
deindustrilisation leads to depopulation - occurs in developed nations due to global shift
4 Effects of spiral of decline
derelict buidlings
increase crime rate
business leave
poor mental health
Detroit - spiral of decline
deindustrilisation of car industry led to bankrupcy ,38% poverty rate , population fell over 50%
Leicester- spiral of decline - before
dominated by textile industry
employed over 30,000 in 1920’s
1960 only 1 factory remained
Leicester - effect of spiral of decline - dereliction
many textile companies were forced to close leaving land derelict
Leicester - effect of spiral of decline - contamination
many of the abandoned land has been contaminated due to people dumping waste
Leicester - effect of spiral of decline - depopulation
in 70s/80s population reduced
inner city became run down and houses became cheap
Leicester - effect of spiral of decline - crime
crime rates started to rise in retaliation to lack of investment
Leicester - effect of spiral of decline - high unemployment
as industries closed , people on low incomes moved to declining areas creating pockets of deprivation
Benefits of Global Shift - China: reduction in poverty
reduced no. of people living in poverty by 680mil
people living on less than $1 a day reduced from 84% in 1980 to 10% in 2016
Benefits of Global Shift - China: more jobs
factories have created many jobs that are double or triple rural income
Benefits of Global Shift - China: Infrastructure
11,000km of motorway built, largest rail line in world built
Negatives of Global Shift - China: environment
lost 60% of forested area
water and air pollution
Negatives of Global Shift - China: working conditions
1990s 2500 lost a limb or finger working in factories
14 suicides in apple factory in 2010
globalisation
the process in which people, culture, finance, good and info travel between countries with no barriers
interdependence
when two countries are dependent on one another in some way,
modern globalisation has 3 main aspects
lengthening of connections - products being sourced from further away
deepening connections - links with more people n places
faster speed of connections
positives of globalisation
creation of jobs - rich employ poor
new e services available
free markets have spread
capitalism has spread
unions protect workers from harm
globalisation
the process by which people, culture, finance, goods and information transfer between countries with few barriers.
why are places switched off - lack of development
less money to invest and grow
why are places switched off - landlocked
harder to export and import goods
makes it more expensive as well
why are places switched off - poor relations with other countries
left out of trade blocs
difficulty organizing trade routes
why are places switched off - lack of natural resources
they don’t have resources needed to develop
Zambia - an example of a switched off region
- landlocked region so relies on relations with neighbors to access coasts
- chinese investment helped with railway development to transport copper
- however by 2000 the rail was in poor repair
Tanzania - an example of a switched off region
- main crop is cotton and price is constantly fluctuating
- prices fall frequently due to overproduction
- this means no guarente of income
Global shift in China - infrastructure benefits
- 82 new airports since 2000
- 4,200 km of a high speed railway
- motorways connecting country
Global shift in China - poverty reduction benefits
- ## people living on less than $1 has decreased by 680 million
Global shift in China - investment benefits
largest recipient of FDI
Global shift in China - loss of productive farm land negative
3 million hectares of farmland has been lost due to pollution from heavy metals
Global shift in China - unplanned settlements negatives
rapid industrialisation has led to a housing shortage meaning house prices have increased and unplanned settlements have become more common
Global shift in China - resource pressure
the demand for coal and oil is not keeping pace with supply.
Global shift in china - impacts on pollution
-70% of China’s rivers and lakes are now polluted
-360 million people do not have access to safe drinking water
-Air pollution kills 1.6 million a year.
Global shift in china - impacts on land degradation
– lots of deforestation has occurred to grow food and store livestock which has led to soil erosion.
Global shift - impacts on over extraction
- over-exploitation from farming, the rich fertile soils are eroding
-they’re being affected by acidification and industrial emissions.
Global shift - Loss of biodiversity
– China’s terrestrial invertebrates have declined by 50% since 1970.
rural - urban migration
moving to an urban area from the countryside
social challenges of rural to urban migration - over crowding
– housing is in short supply,
- slums are growing
-poverty is rife
- the informal sector is growing
- disease is common.
social challenges to rural to urban migration - poor housing quality
-informal housing is built on slopes and no regulations making them susceptible to landsides and disease.
environmental challenges to rural to urban migration - traffic congestion
- roads are poorly built and congested;
- resulting in release of pollution causing health issues
international migration
the movement of people between countries.
global hub
a settlement or wider region that provides a focal point for activities that have a global influence e.g. London.
TNC’s influence on cultural diffusion
TNC’s have produced uniform products globally , bringing cultural change to some areas
global media influence on cultural diffusion
-Disney has explored its superhero and princess stories everywhere.
- The BBC maintain influence overseas.
migration and tourism influence on cultural diffusion
- Migrants bring their culture to places and tourism has allowed the spread of culture.
Global shift in China - Changing diets
- Asian diets have switched from low meat, high veg to high meat, low veg and - - China has the biggest market for processed foods.
- However livestock farming has increased methane emissions and deforestation.
Winners of globalisation:
- There were 1800 billionaires in 2016, most of whom are owners of TNCs,
-the rise of middle class in Asia who’ve received incomes from outsourced and offshored jobs - developed countries are good at maintaining their wealth despite emerging economies like China and TNCs in HICs provide high incomes and job security.
Losers of globalisation:
- Isolated and rural populations who have poor global connections
- slums are growing in developing countries as house prices are rising and population is increasing the demand for housing, workers for TNCs in NEEs are exploited and workers in deindustrialised cities have lost their jobs.
Economic development and environmental impact: Sweden
- sweden’s income per person has risen hugely
- it’s ecological footprint hasn’t
- this suggets that economic development has not affected the environment
Economic development and environmental impact : China
- China’s incomes have risen and their ecological footprint has increased.
- This shows that economic development has an environmental impact
Tensions and mixed societies due to global shift - London’s melting pot ( Open borders)
EU citizens are free to move and live elsewhere in the UK
Tensions and mixed societies due to global shift - London’s melting pot ( deregulation)
individuals and businesses are free to invest without using the London Stock Exchange.
Tensions and mixed societies due to global shift - London’s melting pot ( FDI)
in 2015, the UK was the leading recipient of FDI from France, Japan and Australia, Canada, India and Ireland.
Tensions and mixed societies due to global shift - London’s melting pot ( Diasporas)
have contributed to the local economy in Balham but they have placed pressure on facilities like primary schools and doctors.
Protecting cultures (Canada’s first nations):
- The First Nations are groups of people who protect their rights and culture.
- They have the powers of a province to protect their land but also benefit economically by providing services to the industry.
-They agreed to a 20km exclusion zone between oil sands development which produces 250000 barrels of bitumen a day.
Mumbai - rural to urban migration
- The rural areas in Mumbai are impoverished with little infrastructure, low literacy rates and low quality of life
- in urban Mumbai, there are TNCs that provide jobs and an income which provide push and pull factors for migration.
India - pro globalisation arguments
-economic success in call services as many Indians are fluent in English so TNCs outsource there,
- nightclubs and shopping malls have seen increases in revenue as the ‘techno-elite’ have more money to spend (earning at least £40 a week),
- high broadband capacity in Bangladore which is a technology hub
Inidia - anti globalisation arguments
- over 100 Indian cities dump untreated sewage into the Ganges River, fertilisers and pesticides used in agricultural farming have been found in nearby rivers,
benefits of recycling
-Reduces the amount of waste in landfill.
- Provides raw materials for production
-Preserves finite resources.
-Creates new industries and jobs.
- Reduces industrial energy use.
cons of recycling
- . Recycling can be more expensive than extracting raw materials.
- Not all materials can be recycled.
- Urbanisation is creating more waste so peoples’ attitudes need to change first.
