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Geography A Level > Superpowers > Flashcards

Superpowers Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a superpower?

A

A nation which has the ability to project its influence around the world through hard or soft power.

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2
Q

What is global influence?

A

Means a superpower has big decision making and they are often a global force for change

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3
Q

What are the four pillars of superpower status?

A

Strong economic base
Military
Political and ideology
Cultural influence

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4
Q

Why is a strong economic base important to be a superpower?

A

A large economy enables a nation to control trade
Also spend more on military

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5
Q

Why is military important as a superpower?

A

Can use hard power to threaten or invade countries

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6
Q

Why does Political and Ideological factors influence superpowers?

A

Be able to influence county which suits/ matches their political desires.
Many countries force ideologies through policies

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7
Q

Why does culture play a big role in being a superpower?

A

Projecting a nations cultural values on others can change the way other populations think and align their ideology with the superpowers.

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8
Q

How is culture spread across the world?

A

Through social media, films, music, food, art etc

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9
Q

What is an example of culture being spread?

A

Westernisation

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10
Q

What are the two resources a superpower can use to exercise their power?

A

Physical resources
Human Resources

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11
Q

Explain why it’s good to have physical resources?

A

Oil and gas can be used as a way to develop a countries economy as other countries can be reliant on it therefore exercise power through trade

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12
Q

What is an example of exerting power through physical resources?

A

Russia providing gas to Europe

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13
Q

Explain how having Human Resources can benefit a superpower?

A

A large human workforce if utilised properly can help develop a nations economy

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14
Q

Example of countries using Human Resources?

A

China and India use their populations to manufacture goods to trade which develops their economy

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15
Q

What are the two types of power?

A

Soft power
Hard power

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16
Q

What is hard power?

A

Using military and direct political intervention to change or influence the behaviour of other countries

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17
Q

What is soft power?

A

Influencing other countries using indirect techniques such as political persuasion and cultural influence

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18
Q

What ways can a country use hard power?

A

Military action
Threat of trade restrictions (embargo’s)
Use of economic sanctions to damage a nations economy
Owning debt of other countries

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19
Q

What ways can a country use soft power?

A

Attractive culture and lifestyle
Sought-after political advice
Foreign trade policies that encourage migration
Trade alliances
FDI

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20
Q

Explain how Mackinders theory explains power changing over time?

A

The theory explains that geolocation helping countries exert hard power, this changed over time as smart and soft power are more prevalent

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21
Q

Who has more power in Mackinders theory?

A

The heartland is very hard to invade because of physical barriers in the way. Eg Most of Russia

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22
Q

What is Wallerstines world systems theory?

A

Two economic theories: core, periphery

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23
Q

In Wallerstines what features do core countries have?

A

Core regions are economic powerhouses and control most of global trade such as trade agreements and trading currency

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24
Q

What does Wallerstines theory explain?

A

Inequality in wealth and development. Shows how the core exploits the periphery (colonialism) and the periphery is forced to provide resources

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25
Q

Give an example of Wallerstines theory

A

The British empires exploitation of India for natural resources

26
Q

What are the stages of Rostows modernisation theory?

A

Traditional society
Pre conditions for take off
Take off
Drive to maturity
High mass consumption

27
Q

Explain the traditional society stage (Rostow)

A

Subsidence Farming, Primary industry, Traditional Cultures and values

28
Q

Explain the pre conditions for takeoff (Rostows)

A

Construction of infrastructure, specialising or manufacturing industries

29
Q

Explain the takeoff stage (Rostow)

A

Industrialisation, investment, further construction

30
Q

Explain the drive to maturity (Rostows)

A

Adoption of global culture, increase in domestic quality of life

31
Q

Explain the high mass consumption stage (Rostows)

A

Throw-away society, advanced technology

32
Q

What is a unipolar world?

A

One country dominates e.g USA currently

33
Q

What is a Bi-polar world?

A

Where there are two main superpowers e.g USA and USSR cold war

34
Q

What is a multi-polar world?

A

Where there are several powers and emerging powers competing for power and global influence

35
Q

How did the British empire maintain power during the imperial era?

A

Railway lines to transport goods/army
A strong navy
Improved education in colonial states
The English language was now the business language

36
Q

What are the negative impacts of colonial power?

A

Farmers and primary manufacturers were left with little to invest
Many colonies didn’t have their own governments
Large discrimination policies

37
Q

What is neo colonialism?

A

The exploitative relationship between more powerful developed countries who are using their relationship with less developed countries for their own benefit

38
Q

Why did countries colonise?

A

Empires exploited their colonies for commodities such as sugar, cotton and tea

39
Q

What has caused a multi-polar world?

A

Socialist economies collapsed in USSR and Eastern Europe
China become capitalist
Reform from communist Cuba

40
Q

What are the two groups of states?

A

BRICS
G20

41
Q

What countries are part of the BRICS?

A

Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa

42
Q

What countries are part of the G20?

A

EU
Turkey
Indonesia
South Korea
Saudi
Mexico

43
Q

What is a blue water navy?

A

Operates in open ocean all over the world

44
Q

What is a green water navy?

A

Operates close to the coast and protects the one country

45
Q

China strengths?

A

2nd largest GDP
powerful manufacturing economy
Growing military power and technology

46
Q

China weaknesses?

A

Ageing population
Unwilling to engage with global problems
Environmental problems

47
Q

India’s strengths?

A

Youthful population will become large working age population soon
Global leader in IT technology

48
Q

India weaknesses?

A

Widespread poverty
Poor energy and transport infrastructure
Lack of water resources

49
Q

Brazil’s strengths?

A

Huge natural resources and farming potential
Modern economic structure

50
Q

Brazil weaknesses?

A

Economy gas boom and bust cycles
Limited military strength

51
Q

Russia strengths?

A

Very powerful, nuclear armed military
Large oil and gas reserves

52
Q

Russia weaknesses?

A

Difficult relations with rest of world
Ageing population

53
Q

Japan strengths?

A

3rd largest GDP
Technologically advanced economy and global TNCs
Culturally influential via technology eg gaming

54
Q

Japan weaknesses?

A

Ageing and decking population
Very slow economic growth since 1990

55
Q

How do superpowers influence the global economy?

A

They do it through multiple IGOs that promote free trade and capitalism

56
Q

What is an IGO?

A

Inter-governmental organisation

57
Q

What is the combined GDP of the USA, EU and Japan?

A

60% of worlds GDP

58
Q

What features do superpowers have? (trade)

A

They are capitalist
Promote free trade in goods and services across borders
Private enterprise
Promote wealth and creation by companies
Put quotas on developing countries

59
Q

Explanation of world bank?

A

Created 1944
Lends to LEDCs to promote economic development
Uses western capitalist model
Money originates from MEDCs

60
Q

Explanation of IMF?

A

Created 1945
Promotes global economic stability
Aids economies in opening up to world trade and investment
AIDS countries in economic struggle

61
Q

Explanation of WTO?

A

Created 1995
Works to remove barriers to international trade
Try’s to remove taxes, quotas and promotes free trade

62
Q

Explanation of WEF? (World economic forum)

A

Created 1971
Non profit org from Swiss
Forum for discussions between businesses, politicians and IGOs
It is pro trade and pro TNCs

Geography A Level (16 decks)

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