SUPERFAMILY: Paramphistomoidea/ Amphistomes Flashcards
Characteristics of Paramphistomoidea
- Also known as paramphistomes, conical flukes or stomach flukes
- Pear-shaped, red or pink in color
- Suckers are situated at each extremity
- pharynx are absent
- With simple ceca
with ventral pouch, body not divided in 2 parts
Family GASTROTHYLACIDAE
Genera of Family Gastrothylacidae
- Fischoederius
- Carmyerius
- Gastrothylax
- Velasquezotroma
Fischoederius that located in the rumen of cattle and Carabao
F. elongatus
F. Cobboldi
Site: rumen under genus Carmyerius
C. synethes
C. gregarius
Site: rumen under genus gastrothylax
G. crumenifer
Site: rumen of buffaloes under genus Velasquezotroma
Velasquezotroma brevisacus
Without ventral pouch body not divided into 2 parts
Family: PARAMPHISTOMIDAE
Genera of Paramphistomidae
Paramphistomum
Calicophoron
Gigantocotyle
Cotylophoron
Ceylonocotyle/ Orthocoelium
Paramphistomum
P. cervi - rumen and reticulum
Calicophoron spp.
C. calicophorum -rumen
C. crassium - rumen
Gigantocotyle spp.
G. batycotyle - liver of cattle and carabao
G. explanatum - bile duct, gall bladder, and duodenum of cattle and buffalo
Cotylophoron spp.
C. cotylophorum - rumen and reticulum
Ceylonocotyle/ Orthocoelium
C. Orthocoelium
C. dicranocoelium
C. scoliocoelium
C. gigantopharynx
C. serpenticaecum
Without ventral pouch, body divided into 2 parts
Family: GASTRODISCIDAE
Genera of Family GASTRODICIDAE
Gastrodiscus
Homologaster
Small and large intestine of horse and pig
G. aegyptiacus
Homologaster that is found in rumen and cecum of cattle and buffaloes
H. paloniae
Host of Family GASTRODICIDAE
Ruminants, pigs, horses
I. H. Of Family GASTRODISCIDAE
Planorbis sp.
Bulinus sp.
Galba sp
Gyraulus convexiusculus or Lymnaea sp.
Treatment of Family Gastrodiscidae
Albendazole
Blood flukes
Family: SCHISTOSOMATIDAE
Characteristics of SCHISTOSOMATIDAE
- Cylindrical
- unisexual
- inhabit the blood vessels of the host
- the female is slender and longer than the male which is much broader
- female is carried by male during copulation by means of a ventral groove known as “gynaecophoric canal”
- Eggs are non-operculated
- Cercariae are furcocercous(branched tail end)
- Cercariae do not encyst
FH of Schistosoma japonicum
Man and domestic Animals
I. H. Of Schistosoma japonicum
Oncomelania hupensis quadrasii (Phil)
O. nosophora (Japan)
O. hupensis (China)
O. formosanum (Formosa)
Site of Schistosoma japonicum
Portal and mesenteric vessels
Schistosoma japonicum concomitant immunity possible with major escape mechanisms as:
Antigenic mimicry
Immunosuppression
Isotypic Selection
Mode of transmission for Schistosomiasis:
Skin penetration
Ingestion of contaminated water
Prenatal infection( isolated reports)
Treatment of Schistosomosis
Praziquantel(Biltricide) - drug of choice
Prevention of Schistosomosis
- Avoid contact with contaminated water
- Proper disposal of human excret
- Destruction of snail intermediate host (some Echinostoma sp are predative to Schistosoma sp)
- Information dissemination
Other species affecting mesenteric veins of man in Africa, South America, and the Middle East.
Schistosoma mansoni
Eggs laid in the walls of the bladder and urethra
Schistosoma hematobium
Schistosoma bovis
- occurs in portal and messsenteric vessels
- affects ruminants, equine, Ang baboon
- present in southern Europe, South Asia, and Africa
- with spindle shape eggs
- the I.H are Bulinus and Physopsis sp
Schistosoma nasalis
- found in the veins of the Nasal mucosa of cattle, goat, and horse in india
- eggs are boomerang-shaped
- I.H. are Lymnaea sp and Indoplanorbis sp
-causes nasal granuloma “snoring disease”
Schistosoma spiridalis
- occurs in the mesenteric veins of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat
- eggs are flatted on the side with a terminal spine
- I. H. Are the planorbis And Indoplanorbis s.
Flukes acquire a making coat of host molecules, thus disguising their non-self character
Antigenic mimicry
Released of worm-derived neuropeptides
Immunosuppression
Protective mechanisms; resistance dependent on balance between protective and blocking effects of specific antibodies
Isotypic Selection
Disease three stages in Schistosomosis
Developmental period
Period of active oviposition and extrusion
Period of proliferation and repair
Host: Cattle, sheep, goat
Predilection site: Portal, mesenteric veins; veins of urogenital system
Schistosoma bovis
Host: Dom and wild ruminants; occasionally man
Predilection site: Intestinal, hepatic, and bladder vein
Schistosoma matthei
Host: Dom and wild animals; man
Predilection site: Portal and mesenteric veins
Schistosoma japonicum
Host: cattle, horse, pig
Predilection site: mesenteric veins
Schistosoma spindale
Host: ruminants and horse
Predilection site: veins of nasal mucosa
Schistosoma nasale
Host: man
Predilection site: caudal mesenteric veins
Schistosoma mansoni
Urinary or bladder Schistosomosis
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma intercalatum
Schistosoma haematobium
Host: man
Predilection site: mesenteric veins
Schistosoma intercalatum
Schistosoma mekongi
Host: man
Predilection site: Bladder veins; veins of the urogenital system
Schistosoma haematobium
Host: man
Predilection site: Bladder veins; veins of the urogenital system
Schistosoma haematobium
Host: ruminants
Predilection site: veins of intestinal mucosa, liver, and pancreas
Orientobilharzia turkestanica
Host: Domestic and wild ducks and water birds
Predilection site: Mesenteric and hepatic veins
Trichobilharzia, Bilharziella
Two clinical syndromes:
- Acute intestinal syndrome
- Chronic hepatic syndrome
Two clinical syndromes:
- Acute intestinal syndrome
- Chronic hepatic syndrome
Schistosoma indicum
-Occurs in the portal, mesenteric, pancreatic, hepatic and pelvic vessels of sheep, goat, and cattle, equine, and camel in india
- cause nodule formation in various organs particularly in the liver and pancreas
Schistosoma indicum
-Occurs in the portal, mesenteric, pancreatic, hepatic and pelvic vessels of sheep, goat, and cattle, equine, and camel in india
- cause nodule formation in various organs particularly in the liver and pancreas
Schistosoma suis
-Affects pig and dog in India
- Eggs are flattened on one side with a small, stout spine
Schistosoma suis
-Affects pig and dog in India
- Eggs are flattened on one side with a small, stout spine
Incriminated schistosome species are:
Trichobilharzia sp. - wild birds
Austrobilharzia sp. - ducks
Heterobilharzia sp. - dogs, raccoon
Incriminated schistosome species are:
Trichobilharzia sp. - wild birds
Austrobilharzia sp. - ducks
Heterobilharzia sp. - dogs, raccoon
Family DICROCOELIDAE characteristics:
- Parasites of the bile duct and pancreatic ducts of amphibia, reptiles, birds, and mammals
- cuticle often lacks spines
DICROCOELIDAE Genera:
Dicrocelium
Platynosomum
Eurytrema
Lanceolate, lancet, or small liver fluke
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Prevalent in tropical region
Dicrocoelium hospes
D. dendriticum Host:
Sheep, goat, cattle, deer, pig, dog, rarely man
I. H. Of D. dendriticum
1st- Snail (Zebrina detrita, Cionella lubrica)
2nd - Ant (Formica sp)
Site if D. dendriticum
Bile duct
Life Cycle of D. dendriticum
Egg
Snail
Slime balls
Ant
Final host
D. dendriticum Treatment
Clorsulon
Albendazole
Triclabendazole
“Cat liver fluke” or “lizard poisoning”
Platynosomum fastomum
1st I. H. Of Platynosomum fastomum
Snail (Sublima octona)
2nd I. H. Of Platynosomum fastomum
Wood louse, sow bug, and isopod crustaceans
Paratenuc host of Platynosomum fastomum
Lizard (Anolis cristatelus)
Site of Platynosomum fastomum
Liver
Bile
Pancreatic duct
Life cycle of Platynosomum fastomum
Egg
Snail
Isopod
Lizard
Cat
Found in the pancreatic and ocassionally the bile duct of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat
Eurytrema pancreaticum
Pancreatic ducts of cattle and carabaos
Eurytrema escuderoi
Perirectal fat of sheep
Eurytrema ovis
Pancreatic duct of sheep and cattle
Eurytrema coelomaticum
1st I. H. Of E. coelomaticum
Land snails (Bradybaena similaris and Cathaica ravida sieboldtiana)
2nd I. H. Of E. coelomaticum
Long horned grasshopper ( Conocephalus maculatus)
Tree cricket (Oecanthus longicaudus)
Life cycle of E. coelomaticum
Egg
Snail
Grass
Grasshopper
Cattle
Adult
