Summer Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Current Luca
A
Monosiga
2
Q
Fungal phyla
A
Chytridiomycota, zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota and microsporidia
3
Q
Cell walls of microsporidia
A
Chitin
4
Q
Lower fungi
A
Chytidiomycota, zygomycota and glomeromycota
5
Q
Higer fungi
A
Ascomycota and basidiomycota
6
Q
Coenytic
A
Lower fungi are this. A mass of protoplasm enclosed by one cell wall (no septa)
7
Q
Enteropathogenic
A
Pathogen of insects
8
Q
Entomophthora
A
Produce enzymes to lose the exoskeleton of insects
9
Q
Zygospore
A
Sexual spores
10
Q
Sporangia
A
Asexual spores
11
Q
VA mychorrhiza
A
Vesicular Arbuscular mycorrhiza
12
Q
Heterokaryotic
A
Can carry nuclei with different genetics in the same cell
13
Q
Dollipores
A
Hooks that allow cells to link
14
Q
Puccini graminis
A
Wheat stem rust
15
Q
Wheat stem rust
A
Basidiomycota
16
Q
Magnaporthe oryzae
A
Rice blast
17
Q
Rice blast
A
Ascomycota
18
Q
Ustilago maydis
A
Corn smut
19
Q
Corn smut
A
Basidiomycota
20
Q
Phakospora pachyrhizi
A
Soya bean rust
21
Q
Soya bean rust
A
Basidiomycota
22
Q
Phytophthora infestans
A
Potato blight
23
Q
Potato blight
A
Heterokontophyta
24
Q
Parasexuality
A
Essentially a non-sexual way of transferring genetic material without going through meiosis
25
Plamogamy
Fusion of hyphae
26
Karyogamy
Fusion of nuclei
27
One gene one enzyme hypothesis
Neurospora crassa
28
Heterothallic
Sexual and asexual reproduction
29
Homothallic lifestyle
Asexual
30
Pseudo-homothallic lifestyle
Inbetween the two lifestyles. Forms ascospores but with DNA cross over
31
Soy sauce
Aspergillosis oryzae
32
Beta lactam antibiotics
Penicillium chrysogenum and cephalosporium acremonium
33
Heterokogus host
Unlike host
34
Amylase from
A. Niger
35
Cellulase from
A. Niger
36
Laccase from
P. Chrysosporium
37
Lag phase
Where innoculant builds
38
Exponential phase
Fungus actively using up nutrients
39
Stationary phase
Corresponds to when secondary metabolites are produced
40
Solid state fermentation
Koji process (surface cultures, constant temp)
41
Submerged liquid fermentation
Chemostats
42
Batch culture
Feed and harvest. Clean in between
43
Fed batch
Feed, check quality, harvest bit, continue
44
Continuous culture
Dangerous due to metabolic fluctuations
45
Mutagenesis
Used for strain improvements to try to make more money
46
Cyclosporins
Immunosuppressants
47
Ergot alkaloids
Claviceps purpurea (delirium) and ergotamine (child birth)
48
Lavastatin
Suppresses cholesterol
49
Itaconic acid
Asbestos substitute
50
Glauconic acid
Food stiffener
51
Fumaric acid
Food ph reg
52
Cellulose biodegradation enzymes
Endoglucanses, cellobiohydrolases and beta glucosidases
53
LUCA
The last common ancestor
54
Lignin depolymerised by
Ligninase and Mn-perodidases
55
Citric acid
Produced by a. Niger from glucose at ph2
56
Lichen
Mutualistic associations between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner
57
In a lichen the fungus is
The mycobiont
58
In a lichen the photosynthetic partner is
The phytobiont
59
Percentages in a lichen
90% fungus and rest partner
60
Crustose
Crust like and adhere to the surface they grow on
61
Foliose
Leaf like and compose of flat sheets of loosely bound tissue
62
Squamulose
Scale like lichen
63
Foliose
Leaf like and composed for flat sheets of loosely bound tissue
64
Fruticose
Composed for free standing branching tubes
65
Structure of a lichen
Upper cortex
10-15um phytobiont layer
500um fungal hyphae medulla
66
3 ways of lichen reproduction
Sexual, asexual and vegetative reproduction
67
Mycorrhizae
Plant- fungus mutualisms
68
Chaenopodiacease
Only plants that don't form mycorrhizae
69
Mycorhizae enhance plant grow by
Increased SA, mobilising nutrients and scavenging
70
Arbuscular mycorrhizae
Dominant form, e.g. VAM
71
VAM
Vesicular Arbuscular mycorrhizae
72
Ectomycorrhizae
Found in coniferous Forests
73
Ericoid mycorrhizae
Associated with rhododendrons
74
Orchidaceous mycorrhizae
Associated with orchids
75
Saprotrophs
Decomposers
76
Nectrotrophs
Invade and kill host, then live saphrotrophically on it e.g. Botrytis cinerea
77
Biotrophs
Found on or in living plants, stay hidden from plant immune system, very specific, do not kill plant
78
Hemibiotrophs
Middle of the spectrum of killing between bio and necrotrophs
79
Blumeria graminis
Barley mildew
80
2 categories of mycoses
Skin mycoses and systemic mycoses
81
5 types of mycoses
Superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic due to primary pathogens, systemic due to opportunistic pathogens
82
Thrush
Candida albicans
83
Meningitis
Cryptococcus reoformans
84
HIV associated pneumonia
Pneumoncystis jiroveci
85
Fungal respiration in bats
Histoplasma capsulatum
86
Valley fever
Coccidioides Immitis
87
Mississippi disease
Blastomyces dermatitidis
88
Nasty commensals
Malassesia globosa (dandruff to systemic dermatitis), Candida albicans can become disseminated
89
Drugs that target fungal cell wall
Echinocandins
90
Echinocandins example
Caspofungin, micafungin and anidulafungin
91
Eukaryotes are classified by
Membrane bound nucleus, organelles, multicellular structures and mitosis
92
Mitochondria protein sequences relate to
Alpha proteobacteria
93
Chloroplast protein sequences cluster with
Cyanobacteria
94
Primitive eukaryotes
Archezoa ( no mitochondria, microsomes instead)
95
What protists have in common
Eukaryotes, water based environments, mitosis, most are unicellular, motile and have no cell wall
96
What protists don't have in common
Nutrition obtaining and movement
97
Diplomonads
2 nuclei, unicellular, flagellated, anoxic environments
98
Diplomonads example
Giardia lamblia
99
Parabasilids
Parabasal body, 1 flagellar, hydrosomes, no introns so huge genome
100
Parabasilids example
Trichimonas vaginalis
101
Euglenozoans
Aquatic habitats, crystalline rod in flagella, kinetoplasts, euglenids
102
Euglenozoans example
Trypanosoma brucei
103
Kinetoplasts
Mass of mitochondria DNA lying close to the nucleus in some flagellate Protozoa
104
Euglenids
No pathogenic, phototrophic, phagocytose bacteria
105
Alveolates
Big group of protists characterised by the presence of alveoli
106
Types of Alveolates
Ciliates, dinoflagellates and apicomplexans
107
Ciliates
Have 2 nuclei (macro nucleus and micro nucleus), cilia and an oral groove
108
Dinoflagellates
2 flagella, many toxic to humans, some free living and some symbiosis
109
Apicomplexans
Obligate parasite of animal cells. Absorb nutrients, complex life cycles
110
Stamenophiles
Oomycota, golden algae, diatoms
111
Oomycota
Water moulds with cellulose cell walls
112
Golden algae
Unicellular Phototrophs that form colonies
113
Diatoms
Water, silica cell walls, symmetry
114
Oomycota example
Phytophrhora infestans
115
Golden algae example
Dinobryon
116
Diatom example
Nitzschia
117
Cercozoans
Marine, shell like calcium carbonate structures
118
Radiolarians
Heterotrophic marine, thread like pseudopod ia and tests made of silica
119
Tests
Shell like structures
120
Amoebozoa
Terrestrial and aquatic. Gymnamoebas, entamoebas, slime moulds,
121
Gymnamoebas
Free living amoeboid movement, up to 750um.
| Amoeba proteus
122
Entamoebas
Parasitic amoebas
| Entamoeba histoyltica
123
Slime moulds
Live I decaying matter with a similar life cycle to fungi . Saprophytic and parasitic life styles
124
Choanoflagellates
Free living, unicellular or colonial
Closest to. Animals
In sea
125
Groups of protists
Opisthokonts, excavates, archae plastids, amoebozoa, crypto-phyta, Stamenophiles
126
PFO
Pyruvate ferredoxin peroxidase
127
Hydrogenosome
Present in anaerobic protists instead of mitochondria
128
Opisthokonts mitochondria
Have flattened cristae
129
Amoebozoa mitochondria
Have irregular cristae
130
Excavate mitochondria
Are amitochondriate metanomads
131
Pinocytosis
Cellular drinking
132
Filter feeders
Suspended particles concentrated through action of flagella or cilia to areas where endocytosis can take place
133
Gulpers
Predatorial feeding through the action of extrusomes that protrude out, grab the ciliates and eat them
134
The contractile vacuole
Used to combat the removal of water from the cell membrane
135
The eyespot
A photo receptive organelle that causes flagellar movement
136
ENSO
El Niño-southern oscillation
137
Trypanosoma brucei
Sleeping sickness
138
Sleeping sickness vector
Triatomine bug
139
Naegleria fowleri
Goes up your nose and eats your brain
140
PAM
Primary amebic meningoencephalitis
141
The excavates
Trypanosoma brucei and. Naegleria fowleri
142
The parabasalids
Trichomonas vaginalis
143
Trichomonas vaginalis
Std treated with metronidazole
144
Metronidazole
Inhibits DNA synth
145
The chromoalveolates
Chromists and Alveolates
146
Chromists
Heterokonts, haptophytes and cryptomonads
147
Alveolates
Apicomplexa, ciliates and chrome rids
148
The apicomplexans
Parasites
Toxoplasma
Plasmodium
Cryotisporidiym
149
Apicoplast
4 membraned organelle with 35kb genome
150
Toxoplasmosis
Infects rats and makes them fearless of cats
151
Cryptosporidium pervumm
Apicomplexan that contaminates drinking water
152
Plasmodium falciparum
Malaria
153
Apicoplast produces
IPP
154
IPP
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate
155
IPP synth in the apicoplast via
```
Mevalonate pathway (animals)
DSCP pathway (plants)
```
156
Fosmidomycin
Antibiotic that inhibits DSCP reductoisomerase
157
Types of diarrhoea
Osmotic
Inflammatory
Secretory
158
Rotavirus
Kills most children via diarrhoea
159
Zinc deficiency causes
Decreased b and t lymphocytes, increased intestinal water secretion and more susceptibility to diarrhoea
160
Entamoeba histoyltica
Amoebozoa of the large intestine
161
Giardia intestinalis
Excavata of the small intestine
162
Dientamoeba fragility
Excavata of large intestine
163
Cryptosporidum hominis
Chromalveolate of intestines
164
Balantidium coli
Ciliates chromalveolate of large intestine
165
Blasstocystis sp.
Chromalveolate Stamenophiles of the intestine
166
Trophozoite
Form that inhabits the intestinal tract but is not infectious
167
Cysts
Excreted form that is infectious
168
Dysentery
Large intestine, blood and mucus in stool
169
Entamoebe
Parasites all classes of vertebrates
170
E. Histoyltica
Only Entamoebe that causes diseas in humans
171
Nitroimidazole
Only antibiotic against e histoyltica
172
Virulence factors of entamoeba histoyltica
Gal/GalNAc
Cysteine proteases
Pore forming peptides
173
Giardia
Colonise upper small intestine and produce resistant cysts
174
Enterotest diagnoses
Giardia
175
The adhesive disk
Made of microribbon it allows adhesion to the intestinal epithelium
176
Treatments for Giardia
Nitroimidazole and metronidazole
177
Balantidiasis
Balantidiasis coli- only human infectious ciliate
178
Blastocystis
Blastocystis hominis
| Only human pathogen in stramenophiles
179
Cryptospodirum
Apicomplexan
| Attach to cells and become encapsulated before two rounds of asexual reproduction forming an oocystb
180
Zoonotic transmission
Animal to human
181
Anthroponotic transmission
Human to human
