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Summer Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Current Luca

A

Monosiga

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2
Q

Fungal phyla

A

Chytridiomycota, zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota and microsporidia

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3
Q

Cell walls of microsporidia

A

Chitin

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4
Q

Lower fungi

A

Chytidiomycota, zygomycota and glomeromycota

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5
Q

Higer fungi

A

Ascomycota and basidiomycota

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6
Q

Coenytic

A

Lower fungi are this. A mass of protoplasm enclosed by one cell wall (no septa)

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7
Q

Enteropathogenic

A

Pathogen of insects

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8
Q

Entomophthora

A

Produce enzymes to lose the exoskeleton of insects

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9
Q

Zygospore

A

Sexual spores

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10
Q

Sporangia

A

Asexual spores

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11
Q

VA mychorrhiza

A

Vesicular Arbuscular mycorrhiza

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12
Q

Heterokaryotic

A

Can carry nuclei with different genetics in the same cell

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13
Q

Dollipores

A

Hooks that allow cells to link

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14
Q

Puccini graminis

A

Wheat stem rust

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15
Q

Wheat stem rust

A

Basidiomycota

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16
Q

Magnaporthe oryzae

A

Rice blast

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17
Q

Rice blast

A

Ascomycota

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18
Q

Ustilago maydis

A

Corn smut

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19
Q

Corn smut

A

Basidiomycota

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20
Q

Phakospora pachyrhizi

A

Soya bean rust

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21
Q

Soya bean rust

A

Basidiomycota

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22
Q

Phytophthora infestans

A

Potato blight

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23
Q

Potato blight

A

Heterokontophyta

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24
Q

Parasexuality

A

Essentially a non-sexual way of transferring genetic material without going through meiosis

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25
Q

Plamogamy

A

Fusion of hyphae

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26
Q

Karyogamy

A

Fusion of nuclei

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27
Q

One gene one enzyme hypothesis

A

Neurospora crassa

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28
Q

Heterothallic

A

Sexual and asexual reproduction

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29
Q

Homothallic lifestyle

A

Asexual

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30
Q

Pseudo-homothallic lifestyle

A

Inbetween the two lifestyles. Forms ascospores but with DNA cross over

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31
Q

Soy sauce

A

Aspergillosis oryzae

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32
Q

Beta lactam antibiotics

A

Penicillium chrysogenum and cephalosporium acremonium

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33
Q

Heterokogus host

A

Unlike host

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34
Q

Amylase from

A

A. Niger

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35
Q

Cellulase from

A

A. Niger

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36
Q

Laccase from

A

P. Chrysosporium

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37
Q

Lag phase

A

Where innoculant builds

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38
Q

Exponential phase

A

Fungus actively using up nutrients

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39
Q

Stationary phase

A

Corresponds to when secondary metabolites are produced

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40
Q

Solid state fermentation

A

Koji process (surface cultures, constant temp)

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41
Q

Submerged liquid fermentation

A

Chemostats

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42
Q

Batch culture

A

Feed and harvest. Clean in between

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43
Q

Fed batch

A

Feed, check quality, harvest bit, continue

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44
Q

Continuous culture

A

Dangerous due to metabolic fluctuations

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45
Q

Mutagenesis

A

Used for strain improvements to try to make more money

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46
Q

Cyclosporins

A

Immunosuppressants

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47
Q

Ergot alkaloids

A

Claviceps purpurea (delirium) and ergotamine (child birth)

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48
Q

Lavastatin

A

Suppresses cholesterol

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49
Q

Itaconic acid

A

Asbestos substitute

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50
Q

Glauconic acid

A

Food stiffener

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51
Q

Fumaric acid

A

Food ph reg

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52
Q

Cellulose biodegradation enzymes

A

Endoglucanses, cellobiohydrolases and beta glucosidases

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53
Q

LUCA

A

The last common ancestor

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54
Q

Lignin depolymerised by

A

Ligninase and Mn-perodidases

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55
Q

Citric acid

A

Produced by a. Niger from glucose at ph2

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56
Q

Lichen

A

Mutualistic associations between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner

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57
Q

In a lichen the fungus is

A

The mycobiont

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58
Q

In a lichen the photosynthetic partner is

A

The phytobiont

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59
Q

Percentages in a lichen

A

90% fungus and rest partner

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60
Q

Crustose

A

Crust like and adhere to the surface they grow on

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61
Q

Foliose

A

Leaf like and compose of flat sheets of loosely bound tissue

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62
Q

Squamulose

A

Scale like lichen

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63
Q

Foliose

A

Leaf like and composed for flat sheets of loosely bound tissue

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64
Q

Fruticose

A

Composed for free standing branching tubes

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65
Q

Structure of a lichen

A

Upper cortex
10-15um phytobiont layer
500um fungal hyphae medulla

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66
Q

3 ways of lichen reproduction

A

Sexual, asexual and vegetative reproduction

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67
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Plant- fungus mutualisms

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68
Q

Chaenopodiacease

A

Only plants that don’t form mycorrhizae

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69
Q

Mycorhizae enhance plant grow by

A

Increased SA, mobilising nutrients and scavenging

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70
Q

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

A

Dominant form, e.g. VAM

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71
Q

VAM

A

Vesicular Arbuscular mycorrhizae

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72
Q

Ectomycorrhizae

A

Found in coniferous Forests

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73
Q

Ericoid mycorrhizae

A

Associated with rhododendrons

74
Q

Orchidaceous mycorrhizae

A

Associated with orchids

75
Q

Saprotrophs

A

Decomposers

76
Q

Nectrotrophs

A

Invade and kill host, then live saphrotrophically on it e.g. Botrytis cinerea

77
Q

Biotrophs

A

Found on or in living plants, stay hidden from plant immune system, very specific, do not kill plant

78
Q

Hemibiotrophs

A

Middle of the spectrum of killing between bio and necrotrophs

79
Q

Blumeria graminis

A

Barley mildew

80
Q

2 categories of mycoses

A

Skin mycoses and systemic mycoses

81
Q

5 types of mycoses

A

Superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic due to primary pathogens, systemic due to opportunistic pathogens

82
Q

Thrush

A

Candida albicans

83
Q

Meningitis

A

Cryptococcus reoformans

84
Q

HIV associated pneumonia

A

Pneumoncystis jiroveci

85
Q

Fungal respiration in bats

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

86
Q

Valley fever

A

Coccidioides Immitis

87
Q

Mississippi disease

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis

88
Q

Nasty commensals

A

Malassesia globosa (dandruff to systemic dermatitis), Candida albicans can become disseminated

89
Q

Drugs that target fungal cell wall

A

Echinocandins

90
Q

Echinocandins example

A

Caspofungin, micafungin and anidulafungin

91
Q

Eukaryotes are classified by

A

Membrane bound nucleus, organelles, multicellular structures and mitosis

92
Q

Mitochondria protein sequences relate to

A

Alpha proteobacteria

93
Q

Chloroplast protein sequences cluster with

A

Cyanobacteria

94
Q

Primitive eukaryotes

A

Archezoa ( no mitochondria, microsomes instead)

95
Q

What protists have in common

A

Eukaryotes, water based environments, mitosis, most are unicellular, motile and have no cell wall

96
Q

What protists don’t have in common

A

Nutrition obtaining and movement

97
Q

Diplomonads

A

2 nuclei, unicellular, flagellated, anoxic environments

98
Q

Diplomonads example

A

Giardia lamblia

99
Q

Parabasilids

A

Parabasal body, 1 flagellar, hydrosomes, no introns so huge genome

100
Q

Parabasilids example

A

Trichimonas vaginalis

101
Q

Euglenozoans

A

Aquatic habitats, crystalline rod in flagella, kinetoplasts, euglenids

102
Q

Euglenozoans example

A

Trypanosoma brucei

103
Q

Kinetoplasts

A

Mass of mitochondria DNA lying close to the nucleus in some flagellate Protozoa

104
Q

Euglenids

A

No pathogenic, phototrophic, phagocytose bacteria

105
Q

Alveolates

A

Big group of protists characterised by the presence of alveoli

106
Q

Types of Alveolates

A

Ciliates, dinoflagellates and apicomplexans

107
Q

Ciliates

A

Have 2 nuclei (macro nucleus and micro nucleus), cilia and an oral groove

108
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

2 flagella, many toxic to humans, some free living and some symbiosis

109
Q

Apicomplexans

A

Obligate parasite of animal cells. Absorb nutrients, complex life cycles

110
Q

Stamenophiles

A

Oomycota, golden algae, diatoms

111
Q

Oomycota

A

Water moulds with cellulose cell walls

112
Q

Golden algae

A

Unicellular Phototrophs that form colonies

113
Q

Diatoms

A

Water, silica cell walls, symmetry

114
Q

Oomycota example

A

Phytophrhora infestans

115
Q

Golden algae example

A

Dinobryon

116
Q

Diatom example

A

Nitzschia

117
Q

Cercozoans

A

Marine, shell like calcium carbonate structures

118
Q

Radiolarians

A

Heterotrophic marine, thread like pseudopod ia and tests made of silica

119
Q

Tests

A

Shell like structures

120
Q

Amoebozoa

A

Terrestrial and aquatic. Gymnamoebas, entamoebas, slime moulds,

121
Q

Gymnamoebas

A

Free living amoeboid movement, up to 750um.

Amoeba proteus

122
Q

Entamoebas

A

Parasitic amoebas

Entamoeba histoyltica

123
Q

Slime moulds

A

Live I decaying matter with a similar life cycle to fungi . Saprophytic and parasitic life styles

124
Q

Choanoflagellates

A

Free living, unicellular or colonial
Closest to. Animals
In sea

125
Q

Groups of protists

A

Opisthokonts, excavates, archae plastids, amoebozoa, crypto-phyta, Stamenophiles

126
Q

PFO

A

Pyruvate ferredoxin peroxidase

127
Q

Hydrogenosome

A

Present in anaerobic protists instead of mitochondria

128
Q

Opisthokonts mitochondria

A

Have flattened cristae

129
Q

Amoebozoa mitochondria

A

Have irregular cristae

130
Q

Excavate mitochondria

A

Are amitochondriate metanomads

131
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cellular drinking

132
Q

Filter feeders

A

Suspended particles concentrated through action of flagella or cilia to areas where endocytosis can take place

133
Q

Gulpers

A

Predatorial feeding through the action of extrusomes that protrude out, grab the ciliates and eat them

134
Q

The contractile vacuole

A

Used to combat the removal of water from the cell membrane

135
Q

The eyespot

A

A photo receptive organelle that causes flagellar movement

136
Q

ENSO

A

El Niño-southern oscillation

137
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

A

Sleeping sickness

138
Q

Sleeping sickness vector

A

Triatomine bug

139
Q

Naegleria fowleri

A

Goes up your nose and eats your brain

140
Q

PAM

A

Primary amebic meningoencephalitis

141
Q

The excavates

A

Trypanosoma brucei and. Naegleria fowleri

142
Q

The parabasalids

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

143
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Std treated with metronidazole

144
Q

Metronidazole

A

Inhibits DNA synth

145
Q

The chromoalveolates

A

Chromists and Alveolates

146
Q

Chromists

A

Heterokonts, haptophytes and cryptomonads

147
Q

Alveolates

A

Apicomplexa, ciliates and chrome rids

148
Q

The apicomplexans

A

Parasites
Toxoplasma
Plasmodium
Cryotisporidiym

149
Q

Apicoplast

A

4 membraned organelle with 35kb genome

150
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Infects rats and makes them fearless of cats

151
Q

Cryptosporidium pervumm

A

Apicomplexan that contaminates drinking water

152
Q

Plasmodium falciparum

A

Malaria

153
Q

Apicoplast produces

A

IPP

154
Q

IPP

A

Isopentenyl pyrophosphate

155
Q

IPP synth in the apicoplast via

A 
Mevalonate pathway (animals)
DSCP pathway (plants)
156
Q

Fosmidomycin

A

Antibiotic that inhibits DSCP reductoisomerase

157
Q

Types of diarrhoea

A

Osmotic
Inflammatory
Secretory

158
Q

Rotavirus

A

Kills most children via diarrhoea

159
Q

Zinc deficiency causes

A

Decreased b and t lymphocytes, increased intestinal water secretion and more susceptibility to diarrhoea

160
Q

Entamoeba histoyltica

A

Amoebozoa of the large intestine

161
Q

Giardia intestinalis

A

Excavata of the small intestine

162
Q

Dientamoeba fragility

A

Excavata of large intestine

163
Q

Cryptosporidum hominis

A

Chromalveolate of intestines

164
Q

Balantidium coli

A

Ciliates chromalveolate of large intestine

165
Q

Blasstocystis sp.

A

Chromalveolate Stamenophiles of the intestine

166
Q

Trophozoite

A

Form that inhabits the intestinal tract but is not infectious

167
Q

Cysts

A

Excreted form that is infectious

168
Q

Dysentery

A

Large intestine, blood and mucus in stool

169
Q

Entamoebe

A

Parasites all classes of vertebrates

170
Q

E. Histoyltica

A

Only Entamoebe that causes diseas in humans

171
Q

Nitroimidazole

A

Only antibiotic against e histoyltica

172
Q

Virulence factors of entamoeba histoyltica

A

Gal/GalNAc
Cysteine proteases
Pore forming peptides

173
Q

Giardia

A

Colonise upper small intestine and produce resistant cysts

174
Q

Enterotest diagnoses

A

Giardia

175
Q

The adhesive disk

A

Made of microribbon it allows adhesion to the intestinal epithelium

176
Q

Treatments for Giardia

A

Nitroimidazole and metronidazole

177
Q

Balantidiasis

A

Balantidiasis coli- only human infectious ciliate

178
Q

Blastocystis

A

Blastocystis hominis

Only human pathogen in stramenophiles

179
Q

Cryptospodirum

A

Apicomplexan

Attach to cells and become encapsulated before two rounds of asexual reproduction forming an oocystb

180
Q

Zoonotic transmission

A

Animal to human

181
Q

Anthroponotic transmission

A

Human to human

Microbiology (4 decks)

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