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Midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

A

1650, 200x microscope, described animalcules

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1
Q

Robert Hooke

A

1635, cork, named cells, micrographia

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2
Q

Francesco Reid

A

Attacked spontaneous generation with cheesecloth on meat experiment

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3
Q

Pasteur used

A

Swan neck flasks to prove spontaneous generation wrong

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4
Q

Germ theory of disease

A

Defining there is an etiological agent that causes disease

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5
Q

Etiological agent

A

Something that fits Kochs postulates

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6
Q

Robert Koch

A

Defined the postulates and discovered tb bacterium

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7
Q

Kochs postulates

A

Present in all cases, can be cultivated in pure culture away from the body, cells then cause disease in healthy individual, organisms can be reisolated and shown to be the same

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8
Q

Beijerick

A

Created selective plates

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9
Q

Fleming

A

Discovered penicillin

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10
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Small pox vaccine

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11
Q

first genome sequenced

A

1995

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12
Q

Coccus

A

Round

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13
Q

Filamentous

A

Long and thin

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14
Q

Spirochete

A

Long thin and waved

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15
Q

Spirrilium

A

Long but fatter

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16
Q

Rod

A

Rod

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17
Q

Size of bacteria

A

0.2-700um

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18
Q

Phosphatidylethanolamine

A

Fatty acid with glycerol and ethanolamine chains

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19
Q

Bacterial bilayer strengthened by

A

Hopanoids

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20
Q

Archaea membrane are different because

A

No fatty acids, have phytanyl instead which forms biphytanyl

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21
Q

Secretion sequence to leave cell

A

SecA

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22
Q

Secretion sequence to insert protein in membrane

A

Signal recognition particle

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23
Q

Bacterial cell wall made of

A

Peptidoglycan

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24
Q

Peptidoglycan is made of

A

4 amino acids and a carbohydrate hexose

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25
Q

Bonds in peptidoglycan

A

Peptide bonds across the wall and glycosidic bonds along it

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26
Q

LPS

A

Lipopolysaccharide

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27
Q

Head group of bacteria LPS

A

Lipid A

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28
Q

Carbohydrate group of bacteria LPS

A

O-specific polysaccharides

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29
Q

Gram positive

A

Purple

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30
Q

Gram negative

A

Pink

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31
Q

Bacterial capsule role

A

Pathogenesis and biofilm formation

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32
Q

Bio films contain

A

75% glycocalyx matrix and 25% bacterial cells

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33
Q

Formation of a biofilm

A

Attachment, colonisation and growth

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34
Q

Peritrichous

A

Uniform distribution all over the body

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35
Q

Polar flagella

A

1 at one end

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36
Q

Lophotrichous

A

Multiple flagella at one end

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37
Q

Amphitrichous

A

2 flagella- one at each end

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38
Q

Endo spore

A

Dormant stage of life cycle of bacteria

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39
Q

Layers of endo spore

A

Exosporium and spore coat surround it

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40
Q

Antibiotic

A

A naturally occurring antimicrobial

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41
Q

Endospore formers

A

B serius and c diff

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42
Q

Naturally occurring antibiotics

A

Aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetrocyclines, penicillin g

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43
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Inhibit 30s ribosome, toxic

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44
Q

Glycosides

A

Hexose and pentode groups

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45
Q

Macrolides

A

Lactone ring, eg. Erythromycin

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46
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Broad spectrum, 4x6 carbon rings and side chains

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47
Q

Penicillin g

A

Cell wall synth, destroyed by betalactamases

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48
Q

Synthetic antimicrobial drugs

A

Synthetic penicillins, quinolones, ciprofloxacin

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49
Q

Semisynthetic penicillins

A

Adding a different R group to make them beta lactamase resistant

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50
Q

Semisynthetic penicillin examples

A

Methicillin, oxacillin and ampicillin

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51
Q

Quinolones

A

Inhibits DNA gyrase

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52
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A

Part of fluoroquinilines

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53
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Targets protein synthesis

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54
Q

Bactiocidal

A

Kills cells (cells still there but not viable)

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55
Q

Bactiolytic

A

Lyse the cells

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56
Q

Vancomycin

A

Inhibits cell wall synth, used against c diff

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57
Q

Methicillin

A

No longer used, inhibits cell wall synth, MRSA

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58
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin resistant s. Aureus

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59
Q

Mechanisms of resistance

A

Lack structure to inhibit, impermeable, inactivate the antibiotic, modification of target, effluent of antibiotic

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60
Q

Penicillin resistance

A

Beta lactamase

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61
Q

Streptomycin resistance

A

Phosphorylation

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62
Q

Spread of antibiotic resistance

A

On R plasmids

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63
Q

RTF

A

Resistance transfer factor

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64
Q

Central dogma

A

DNA to mRNA to protein

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65
Q

2 methods of classifying bacteria

A

Baltimore method and ICTV method

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66
Q

ICTV

A

International committee on taxonomy of viruses

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67
Q

Virus nucleocapsid

A

Capsid and nucleic acid

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68
Q

Virus genome

A

5kb to 1.2mbp

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69
Q

Virophage

A

Virus that infects the mimivirus

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70
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus that infects bacteria

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71
Q

Virulent bacteriophage

A

Kills the cells

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72
Q

Temperate bacteriophage

A

Can follow lytic or lysogenic pathway

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73
Q

Lysogen

A

A state where most virus genes are not expressed and the pro phage is replicated in synchrony with the host chromosome

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74
Q

Pro phage

A

Viral genome

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75
Q

Lysogens

A

Cells that harbour a temperate virus

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76
Q

Virus lifecycle

A

Attachment, penetratin, synthesis, assembly, lysis

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77
Q

Bactiophage lambda

A

Infects E. coli

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78
Q

Gene for the lysogenic pathway

A

cL

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79
Q

Gene for the lytic pathway

A

Cro

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80
Q

The lytic pathway

A

Cells lysed. Cro dominates.

Phage proteins formed and burst from cell

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81
Q

N protein

A

An antiterminator that means cII and cIII and Q proteins are formed

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82
Q

Q protein

A

An antiterminator that allows the phage proteins to be transcribed in the lytic cycle

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83
Q

Lysogenic pathway

A

Phage DNA integrates with bacterial chromosome via recombination.
Domination by cL

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84
Q

CII is transcribed from

A

Pe site

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85
Q

CL

A

Lambda repressor prtoein that blocks synthesis from Pr

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86
Q

Binding of cro to the operator

A

Inhibits CL formation so no promotion of lysogeny

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87
Q

Binding of CL

A

Inhibits Pr= no cro so blocks lytic pathway

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88
Q

To maintain lysogeny

A

CL needs to be constantly present

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89
Q

Taxonomy

A

Science of classification

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90
Q

Taxa

A

Categories of organism reflecting evolutionary or phylogenetic relationships

91
Q

Gram positives are split into

A

Low g+c and high g+c

92
Q

Low g+c

A

Firmicutes

93
Q

High g+c

A

Actinobacteria

94
Q

LAB

A

Lactic acid bacteria

95
Q

Homofermentative

A

Produce lactic acid only

96
Q

Heterofermentative

A

Produce co2, lactic acid and ethanol

97
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

Proteobacteria divided into alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon

98
Q

Phototroph

A

Energy from light

99
Q

Chemotroph

A

Energy from chemicals

100
Q

Chemoorganotroph

A

Energy from organic chemicals

101
Q

Chemolithotroph

A

Energy from inorganic chemicals

102
Q

Actinobacteria

A

Actinomyces, frankia, Streptomicies

103
Q

Firmicutes

A

Lactobacillus, streptococcus, bacillus, clostridium

104
Q

Endospore formers

A

Bacillus, clostridales

105
Q

Alpha bacteria

A

Rhizobium, agrobacteria

106
Q

Gamma bacteria

A

Shigella, salmonella

107
Q

Beta bacteria

A

Neisseria

108
Q

Epsilon bacteria

A

Campylobacter, helicobacter

109
Q

Fish

A

Fluorescent in situ hybridisation

110
Q

Bacterial growth

A

Binary fission

111
Q

MinE

A

Pushes minC and D to poles and signals FtsZ

112
Q

FtsZ

A

Cutting ring that causes division in binary fission

113
Q

MreB

A

Analogue of actin in bacterial cytoskeleton

114
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

Requires oxygen

115
Q

Aero tolerant anaerobe

A

Can grow in oxygen but don’t use it

116
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

Can swap between aerobic and anaerobic/fermentation

117
Q

Microaerophile

A

Needs oxygen but too hi a conc positions it

118
Q

Psychroohile

A

Close to freezing temp best

119
Q

Mesophile

A

Moderate temp

120
Q

Thermopile

A

High temp

121
Q

Hyperthermophile

A

Very high temp

122
Q

Ecosystem

A

Sum of all organisms and abiotic factors in a particular environment

123
Q

Abiotic factors

A

No living chemical and physical factors

124
Q

Symbiosis

A

Mutualism and commensalism

125
Q

Mutualism

A

Both species benefit

126
Q

Commensalism

A

One species benefits and the other is not harmed but doesn’t benefit

127
Q

Syntrophy

A

Two or more organisms catabolising a nutrient that can’t be done on its own

128
Q

Species richness

A

The total number of species in an ecosystem

129
Q

Species abundance

A

The proportion of each species in an ecosystem

130
Q

Nitrogenase complex

A

Performs nitrogen fixation

131
Q

Flavonoids

A

Secreted by legumes to stimulate rhizobium

132
Q

Rhizobia symbiosis plasmid

A

Sym

133
Q

Sym contains

A

Nod genes induced by flavonoids

134
Q

Nod abc produces

A

Nod factors

135
Q

Nod factors

A

Oligosaccharide a that induce root hair curling

136
Q

Rhicadhesins

A

On bacteria surface cause attachment to legume

137
Q

Leghaemoglobin

A

Released by nodule binds to Oxygen so nitrogenase can work

138
Q

Nitrification

A

Oxidation of inorganic nitrogen compounds (dead plants)

139
Q

Nitrosomonas

A

Responsible for Nitrification and associated wih nitrobacter

140
Q

AMO

A

Ammonia Mono-oxygenase

141
Q

HAO

A

Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase

142
Q

NXR

A

Nitrite oxidoreductase

143
Q

Denitrification

A

The process in which nitrate is converted to gaseous compounds by microorganisms

144
Q

Bacterial genomes

A

Double helix DNA

145
Q

Operon

A

Group of genes with related functions

146
Q

Plasmid

A

DNA not associated with the chromosome that replicates independently

147
Q

Tra gene

A

Transfer gene

148
Q

IS

A

Insertion sequence

149
Q

Transposons

A

Mobile genetic elements

150
Q

Episome

A

Part of a bacterial chromosome with a plasmid in it

151
Q

Two types of bacterial DNA replication

A

Rolling circle replication and bidirectional replication

152
Q

Origin of replication

A

OriC

153
Q

Start of replication

A

DNA A binds

154
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds helix

155
Q

DNA gyrase

A

Topioisimerase that counteracts helix unwinding

156
Q

RNA primer on the leading strand added by

A

DNA polymerase III

157
Q

Lagging strand formed in

A

Okazaki fragments

158
Q

Ligase

A

Fills gaps in Okazaki fragments

159
Q

RNA primer removed by

A

Endonucelase DNA pol I

160
Q

Competence

A

Bacterial ability to take genes up from their environment

161
Q

Transduction

A

Virus injects phage DNA and hijacks bacterial machinery

162
Q

General transduction

A

Any part of gene during lytic cycle

163
Q

Transducing phage

A

A virus containing bacterial DNA

164
Q

Specialised transduction

A

Specific part of DNA, lysogeny has to occur first

165
Q

Prophage

A

Phage DNA encorporated into bacterial chromosome

166
Q

Conjugation

A

Transfer of genetic material via cell to cell contact

Requires an F plasmid

167
Q

Cells containing an f plasmid

A

F+

168
Q

TraI

A

Allows DNA to be nicked so rolling circle rep can happen along an f pilus

169
Q

HFR

A

High frequency recombination

170
Q

Microbial pathogenicity

A

The biochemical mechanisms whereby microorganisms cause diseas

171
Q

Infection

A

A successful persistence of a oathogen within the host

172
Q

Disease

A

An interaction which causes significant overt damage to the host

173
Q

Pathogenicity v

A

Described the way in which a microorganism causes disease

174
Q

Virulence

A

Relative term of pathogenic potential

175
Q

ID50

A

The infectious does for 50% of the population

176
Q

To cause disease a oathogen must

A

Colonise, grow, avoid the immune system and damage the host

177
Q

Pathogens cause damage by

A

Effectors that damage tissues

Or evoking an immune response

178
Q

Neurotoxin

A

Causes paralysis

179
Q

Cytolytic toxins

A

Damage cytoplasmic membrane

180
Q

Enteritis in

A

Sickness and diarrhoea

181
Q

Ab toxin action

A

B unit binds, a has catalytic activity

182
Q

Diphtheria toxin

A

C. Diotheriae. 1a uni, 1b unit.

Adds ADP to EF-2 blocking protein synth

183
Q

Cholera toxin

A

Vibrio cholerae. 1a unit, 5 b units.
Attaches to ganglioside GM1
Activates G protein which causes high cAMP
Results in osmosis and massive fluid loss BIA diarrhoea

184
Q

Endotoxins

A

Only bacteria, passively releases LPS

185
Q

Pyrogen

A

Causes production of cytokines from immune cells

186
Q

Innate immunity

A

Non specific first response, macrophages and neutrophils

187
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Specific, lag time, memory, b and T cells, antibodies

188
Q

Opsonisation

A

Antibodies binding to pathogens to make them more susceptible to phagocytosis

189
Q

IgG

A

Two heavy and two light chains, in blood

190
Q

IgM

A

On B cells or pentamer in blood

191
Q

IgE

A

Parasites and allergys

192
Q

IgD

A

B cells

193
Q

IgA

A

Bodily fluids

194
Q

Opsonisation aids

A

The uptake of pathogens by neutrophils via Fc receptors

195
Q

Intra cellular pathogen protection

A

Cytotoxic T cells that release perforin

196
Q

Vaccinations stimulate

A

B cells to produce memory T cells

197
Q

Toxoid

A

Non active toxin

198
Q

Axenic culture

A

A culture that is free from living organisms other than the species required

199
Q

RNA origin of life because

A

Stores transmits and duplicates, catalytic activity, enzymatically active

200
Q

Methods for classifying microbes

A

Morphology, metabolism, ecology, genetically

201
Q

Halophile

A

Salt lover

202
Q

Basophils

A

Pressure lov

203
Q

Carl worse and rRNA

A

3 domains, bacteria, archaea and eukarya

204
Q

Other support for 3 domains

A

Transcription, translation and differences in membranes

205
Q

ENV

A

A non cultured by environmentally sequences organism

206
Q

16S

A

Bacteria and archae

207
Q

Archaeal subgroups

A

Primary Hyperthermophiles

Methanogens, halophiles and acidophiles

208
Q

Protozoans

A

Early branching eukarya

209
Q

Linnaeus classification

A

Domain, Kingdom, phyla, class, order, family, genus, species

210
Q

Fungi

A

Neither plants nor animals

211
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Fungi that live around plant roots

212
Q

Oomycete

A

Not a true fungus, evolved from the yellow/brown algae

213
Q

Puccinia graminis

A

Wheat stem rust

214
Q

Phytophthora infestans

A

Potato late blight

215
Q

Magnaporthe oryzae

A

Corn smut

216
Q

Chytridiomycosis

A

Kills frogs

217
Q

Geomyces destructans

A

Dehydration in bats

218
Q

Dimorphic

A

Fungi that can be yeast or filamentous

219
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Can’t fix carbon

220
Q

Fungal cell walls made of

A

Chitin and glucans

221
Q

Storage compounds in fungi

A

Mannitol, trehalose and glycogen

222
Q

Haploid

A

One nucleus per cell

223
Q

In the tree of life fungi lie within

A

Opisthokonts

224
Q

Fungal phyla

A 
Chytridio-
Zygo-
Glomero-
Asco-
Basidio- and then microsporidia

Microbiology (4 decks)

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