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Part 1 Remake Flashcards

1
Q

Kochs postulates

A

Present in all suffering, cultivated, reintroduced to cause disease and reisolated

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2
Q

Bacteria size

A

0.2-700 um

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3
Q

Fatty acid in bacterial cytoplasmic membrane

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine

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4
Q

Phosphatidylethanolamine is made of

A

Glycerol and ethanolamine

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5
Q

Coccus example

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

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6
Q

Filamentous example

A

Streptomicies

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7
Q

Spirochete

A

Borrelia burdorferi

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8
Q

Spirrilium example

A

Camping bacteur

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9
Q

Rod example

A

E. Coli

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10
Q

Bacterial bilayer is strengened by

A

Hopanoids

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11
Q

Archae bilayers have

A

Phytanyl

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12
Q

SecA

A

Sends protein out of cell

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13
Q

Signal recognition particle

A

Causes protein to be inserted into the membrane

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14
Q

Bacterial cell wall made of

A

Peptidoglycan

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15
Q

Peptidoglycan is maxed of

A

4 amino acids and hexose

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16
Q

Bonds in a bacterial cell wall

A

Peptide bonds across

Glycosidic bonds along e

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17
Q

LPS

A

Lipopolysaccharide

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18
Q

Lipid head groups in bacterial outer membrane

A

Lipid A

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19
Q

Repeat carbohydrate group in bacterial outer membrane

A

O-specific polysaccharides

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20
Q

Gram positive stains

A

Purple

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21
Q

Gram negative stains

A

Pink

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22
Q

Bio films are made of

A

Glycocalyx matrix and bacterial cells

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23
Q

Peritrichous

A

Uniform distribution of flagellar over cell

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24
Q

Polar flagella

A

One at one end

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25
Q

Lophotrichous flagellar

A

Multiple at one end

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26
Q

Amphitrichous

A

2 flagella at opposite ends

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27
Q

Endospore

A

Dormant stage of life cycle of bacteria

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28
Q

Endospore formers

A

Bacillus serius and c diff.

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29
Q

Antibiotic

A

A naturally occurring antimicrobial agent

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30
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Targets 30s ribosome

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31
Q

Aminoglycosides examples

A

Streptomycin and kanamycin

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32
Q

Glycosides

A

Hexose and pentose groups

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33
Q

Macrolides

A

Contain a lactone ring

Broad spectrum

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34
Q

Macrolides example

A

Erythromycin

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35
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Inhibit 30s ribosomes

Contain 4x6 carbon rings and side chains

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36
Q

Penicillin g

A

Targets cell wall synthesis but broken down by betalactamase

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37
Q

Penicillin g example

A

Benzyl penicillin

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38
Q

Betalactamase

A

Breaks down penicillin g

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39
Q

Semisynthetic penicillins

A

Adding of R groups to make beta lactamase resistant penicillin

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40
Q

Beta lactamase resistant penicillins

A

Methicillin, oxacillin, ampicillin

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41
Q

Quinolones

A

Inhibit DNA gyrase by binding to the a subunit

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42
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A

Part of fluoroquinolines group

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43
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Targets protein synthesis

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44
Q

Bacteriocidal

A

Kills cells

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45
Q

Bacteriolytic

A

Lyses cells

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46
Q

Vancomycin

A

Inhibits cell wall synth by targeting alanine

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47
Q

Methicillin

A

Inhibits cL wall synth but no longer used

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48
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin resistant s.aureus

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49
Q

Streptomycin resistance

A

Phosphorylation adenylate in

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50
Q

Chloramphenicol resistance

A

Acetylation

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51
Q

Penicillin resistance

A

Beta lactamase

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52
Q

R plasmids

A

Contain resistance determination genes

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53
Q

Rtf

A

Resistance transfer factor

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54
Q

DsRNA class III

A

Transcription of negative strand

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55
Q

SsRNA class IV

A

Used directly as mRNA

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56
Q

SsRNA class V

A

Transcription of negative strand

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57
Q

SsRNA class VI

A

Reverse transcription

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58
Q

ICTV

A

International committee on taxonomy of viruses

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59
Q

Virus genome

A

5 to 1.2 Mbps

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60
Q

Virophage

A

Virus that incts e mimivirus

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61
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

Capsid and nucleic acid

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62
Q

Virulent bacteriophage

A

Kills the cells

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63
Q

Temperate bacteriophage

A

Follows lytic or lysogenic pathway

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64
Q

Lysogen

A

A state where most virus genes are not expresses and the Prophage is replicated in synchrony with the host chromosome

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65
Q

Prophage

A

Viral genome

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66
Q

Lysogens

A

Cells that harbor a temperate virus

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67
Q

Germ theory

A

Defining there is an etiological agent that causes disease

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68
Q

CL domination

A

Lysogenic pathway

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69
Q

Cro domination

A

Lytic pathway

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70
Q

Taxonomy

A

Science of classification

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71
Q

Taxa

A

Categories of organism reflecting evolutionary or phylogenetic relationships

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72
Q

Low g + c

A

Firmicutes

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73
Q

High g + c

A

Actinobacteria

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74
Q

Firmicutes

A 
Lactobacillus
Streptococcus
Clostridium
Bacillus
Staphylococcus
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75
Q

LAB

A

Lactic acid bacteria

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76
Q

Homofermentative

A

Produce lactic acid only

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77
Q

Heterofermentative

A

Produce co2, lactic acid and ethanol

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78
Q

Lock jaw

A

C tetany

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79
Q

Flaccid paralysis

A

C botulinum

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80
Q

Lactobacillus

A

LAB, rod

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81
Q

Streptococcus

A

Human pathogens and commensals

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82
Q

Clostridium

A

Obligate anaerobe producing endo spores

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83
Q

Bacillus

A

Facultative anaerobe forming Endospore

84
Q

Actinobacteria

A

Actinomyces
Frankia
Streptomyces

85
Q

Actinomyces

A

Facultative anaerobes

86
Q

Frankia

A

Filamentous nitrogen fixers

87
Q

Streotomyes

A

Mycelium producing conidiophores

88
Q

Gram negative bacteria groups

A

Proteobacteria- alpha, beta, gamma, epsilon and delta

89
Q

Phototroph

A

Energy from light

90
Q

Chemotrophic

A

Energy from chemicals

91
Q

Chemoorganotroph

A

Energy from organic chemicals

92
Q

Chemolithotroph

A

Energy from inorganic chemicals

93
Q

Alpha bacteria

94
Q

Beta bacteria

95
Q

Gamma bacteria

96
Q

Escherichia

A

Pink bacillus e.g. Ecoli.

97
Q

Epsilon

A

Campylobacter and helicobacter

98
Q

Fish

A

Fluorescent in situ hibridisation

99
Q

MreB

A

Analogue of actin, part of the bacterial cytoskeleton

100
Q

FtsZ

A

Cutting ring that causes division into two cells in bacterial growth

101
Q

Binary fission is facilitated by

A

Min E, Min D and Min C

102
Q

Min E

A

Pushes min C and D to poles and acts as a signal for the FtsZ ring

103
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

Requires oxygen to grow

104
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobe

A

Able to grow in the presence of oxygen but does not use it

105
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

Uses aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but able to swap to anaerobic resp if needed

106
Q

Microaerophile

A

Needs oxygen for resp but are poisoned by high conc

107
Q

Anaerobe

A

Doesn’t use oxygen for resp

108
Q

Psychrophile

A

Temp close to freezing

109
Q

Mesophile

A

Moderate temp organism

110
Q

Thermophile

A

Relatively high temp organism

111
Q

Hyperthermophiles

A

Extremely hi temp organism

112
Q

Ecosystem

A

Sum of all organisms and abiotic factors in a particular environment

113
Q

Abiotic components

A

Non living chemical and physical factors

114
Q

Symbiosis

A

Mutualism and commensalism

115
Q

Mutualism

A

Both species benefit

116
Q

Commensalism

A

One species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefitted

117
Q

Syntrophy

A

Two or more organism catalysing a nutrient that can’t be catabolicied by one on its own

118
Q

Species richness

A

The total number of species present in an ecosystem

119
Q

Species abundance

A

The proportion of each species in an ecosystem

120
Q

Nitrogenase complex

A

Performs nitrogen fixation

121
Q

Nitrogenase is inhibited by

122
Q

Rhizobia are stimulated by

A

Flavonoids

123
Q

Symbiosis plasmid

124
Q

Sym carries

125
Q

NodABC produces

A

Nod factors

126
Q

Rhicadhesins

A

On bacteria that cause. Attachment to the legume

127
Q

Leghemoglobin

A

Binds to oxyg to allow nitrogen fixation

128
Q

Nitrification

A

Oxidatin of inorganic nitrogen compounds

129
Q

Nitrosomonas

A

Responsible for Nitrification

130
Q

AMO

A

Ammonia mono oxygenase

131
Q

HAO

A

Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase

Oxidised hydroxylamine

132
Q

NXR

A

Nitrite oxidoreductase

Oxidises nitrite

133
Q

Denitrification

A

The process in which nitrate is converted to gaseous compounds by microorganisms

134
Q

Bacterial genome

A

Double helix DNA

135
Q

Operon

A

Group of genes with related functions

136
Q

Plasmid

A

DNA not part of the chromosomes

137
Q

Tra

A

Transfer genes

138
Q

Is

A

Insertion sequence

139
Q

Transposons

A

Mobile genetic material

140
Q

Episome

A

Part of a bacterial chromosome with a plasmid in it

141
Q

OriC

A

Origin of replication

142
Q

DNA A

A

Binds and starts replication

143
Q

Helicase

A

Unravels double helix

144
Q

DNA gyrase

A

A topoisomerase that counteracts the unwinding

145
Q

Endonucelase DNA pol I

A

Removed rna primers via dna3

146
Q

Ligase

A

Fills gaps in Okazaki fragments

147
Q

Bidirectional replication

A

Theta form
Semi conservative
Leading and lagging strand

148
Q

Competence

A

Bacterial ability to take genes up from their environment

149
Q

Transduction

A

Virus injects phage DNA and hijacks bacterial machinery

150
Q

Generalised transduction

A

Lytic cycle

151
Q

Transducing phage

A

A virus containing bacterial DNA

152
Q

Specialised transduction

A

Lysogenic phase

153
Q

Prophage

A

Phage DNA encorporated into bacterial chromosome

154
Q

Conjugation

A

Transfer of genetic material by cell to cell contact via a plasmid encoded mechanism

155
Q

F plasmid

A

Fertility plasmid

156
Q

Tra1

A

Allows the protein to be nicked in rolling circle replication for conjugation

157
Q

HFR

A

High frequency recombination

158
Q

Microbial pathogenicity

A

The biochemical mechanisms whereby microorganism cause disease

159
Q

Infection

A

A successful persistence or multiplication of a oathogen or within the host

160
Q

Microbial pathogenicity

A

The biochemical mechanism by whereby microorganisms cause disease

161
Q

Infection

A

A successful persistence or multiplication of a pathogen or within the host

162
Q

Disease

A

An interaction which causes significant overt damage to the host

163
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Describes the way in which a microorganism causes disease

164
Q

Virulence

A

Relative term of pathogen persistence

165
Q

ID50

A

The infectious dose for 50% of the population

166
Q

To cause disease a pathogen must

A

Colonise, grow, avoid, damage

167
Q

Toxins

168
Q

Neurotoxins

A

Cause paralysis

169
Q

Enterotoxins

A

Sickness and diarrhoea

170
Q

Cytotoxins

A

Cause cell death

171
Q

Cytolytic toxins

A

Damage cytoplasmic membrane

172
Q

AB toxin

A 
A= catalytic activity 
B= binds to cell and translocate a portion
173
Q

Diphtheria toxin

A

1A unit and 1B unit

174
Q

Cholera toxin

A

1A unit and 5B units

175
Q

LPS

A

Lipopolysacchaides

176
Q

Pyrogen

A

Causes production of cytokines from immune cells upon binding to cell surface receptors

177
Q

Innate immuty

A

Non specific and immediate response

178
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Specific and lag time

179
Q

Opsonisation

A

Maki going foreign pathogens susceptible to phagocytosis by antibodies

180
Q

IgG

A

Plasma cells in blood

181
Q

IgM

A

On surface of B cells or forms a pentamer I blood

182
Q

IgE

A

Parasites and allergic reactions

183
Q

IgD

A

Part of B cell receptor

184
Q

IgA

A

Found I body fluids

185
Q

Cytotoxic T cells release

186
Q

IPTG

A

Isopropyl b-d-1-5-thiogalactopyranoside

187
Q

KO

A

Knock out genes

188
Q

Axenic culture

A

A culture that is free from living organisms other than the species required

189
Q

LUCA

A

Lowest universal common ancestor

190
Q

Prokaryotes

A

1um, circular DNA, 70s ribosome

191
Q

Eukaryotes

A

10um, linear DNA, 80s ribosomes

192
Q

ENV

A

Noncultred by environmentally sequenced organism

193
Q

Cellulase

A

Degrades cellulose

194
Q

Liginiase

A

Paper making

195
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Fungi at lives around plant roots

196
Q

Oomycete

A

Not a true fungus, evolved from yellow algae

197
Q

Puccinia graminis

A

Wheat stem rust

198
Q

Phytophthora infestans

A

Potato late blight

199
Q

Manaporthe oryzae

200
Q

Phakospora pachyrhizi

A

Soybean rust

201
Q

Chytridiomycosis

A

Kills frogs

202
Q

Geomyces destructans

A

Dehydration in bats

203
Q

Cryptococcus Immitis

A

Breathed into lungs and kills immune compromised

204
Q

Fungal storage compounds

A

Mannitol, trehalose, glycogen

205
Q

Fungal cell wall made of

A

Chitin and glucans

Microbiology (4 decks)

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