Summative Test 2/21

Question 1

what is an emotion?

Answer 1

a complex reaction pattern to a personal event involving a mixture of physiological responses, subjective feelings and behaviours

Question 2

physiological responses

Answer 2

unnoticeable bodily changes – occurs when an emotion is being experienced
ex. heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration

Question 3

subjective feelings

Answer 3

inner personal experience of an emotion
ex. being in love

Question 4

expressive behaviours

Answer 4

overt expressions of behaviours that communicate emotions – outward, noticeable signs

Question 5

what is attachment?

Answer 5

the emotional bond which forms between an infant and a caregiver

Question 6

what did Mary Ainsworth do?

Answer 6

researched attachment – the strange situation experiment

Question 7

secure attachment

Answer 7

SECURE BASE
can be soothed easily
infants feel safe and can depend on caregiver
60-65% of Australian children

Question 8

insecure avoidant attachment

Answer 8

unresponsive to caregiver’s arrival/departure
either temperament or nurture

Question 9

insecure resistant attachment

Answer 9

underdeveloped secure base
infants are clingy and resist exploration
very distressed and hard to soothe

Question 10

disorganised attachment

Answer 10

NOT DISCOVERED BY MARY
infant displays problematic and unpredictable behaviour
due to extremely negative early life experiences

Question 11

future of secure attachment babies

Answer 11

healthy relationships and good mental health

Question 12

future of insecure attachment

Answer 12

unhealthy relationships, scared of emotions, bad mental health, lack of trust

Question 13

future of disorganised attachment

Answer 13

bad self esteem, mental disorders, controlling and high levels of anger

Question 14

what did Harry Harlow do?

Answer 14

he made an attachment experiment with Rhesus monkeys

Question 15

types of development

Answer 15

emotional, cognitive and social

Question 16

what did harry harlow’s experiment prove

Answer 16

the importance of physical touch in infancy

Question 17

what type of parents did the Rhesus monkeys grow up to be

Answer 17

aggressive

Question 18

what did Ainsworth’s experiment prove

Answer 18

the importance of secure bases and strong emotional attachment as an infant

Question 19

what is social behaviour

Answer 19

any action influenced by the presence of others

Question 20

what did Erik Erikson believe

Answer 20

that an individual’s personality develops from the combination of the psychological processes within the individual and their external experiences with other people throughout their lives

Question 21

what did Erik erikson make?

Answer 21

a theory of psychosocial development

the eight stages

Question 22

Stage 1: Trust VS Mistrust

Answer 22

0-2 years old
needs met = trusting
needs not met = distrusting and insecure

Question 23

Stage 2: Autonomy VS Shame & Distrust

Answer 23

2-3 years old
child gains autonomy
need met = confident
needs not met = sense of shame & self doubt

Question 24

Stage 3: Initiative VS Guilt

Answer 24

3-6 years old
children start to socialise in their families
needs not met = ignoring of family members lowers self esteem

Question 25

Stage 4: Industry VS Inferiority

Answer 25

6 years old - puberty children start to socialise outside needs not met = incompetence and inferiority

Question 26

Stage 5: Identity VS Role Confusion

Answer 26

adolescence challenge: to form a clear sense of identity needs not met = low self esteem and instability risk of developing mental disorders

Question 27

Stage 6: Intimacy VS Isolation

Answer 27

early adulthood success with intimacy = empathy and openness failure = feeling of isolation, shrewdness and a "need" to manipulate

Question 28

Stage 7: Generativity V Stagnation

Answer 28

middle age challenge: to develop relationships and have concern with/abt younger generations success = unselfish guidance & feeling of contentment failure = self absorbed & indulgent

Question 29

Stage 8: Integrity VS Despair

Answer 29

65+ challenge: avoid dwelling on past mistakes & imminent death success = sense of meaning and accomplishment failure = bitterness, regret and despair

Question 30

what did some early thinkers believe about infants

Answer 30

that they were empty vessels waiting to be filled with knowledge

Question 31

what did Jean Piaget research and make?

Answer 31

cognitive capabilities of infants viewed cognitive development as a process of adaptation he made Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory | the key accomplishments

Question 32

assimilation

Answer 32

process of taking in new information and fitting it into pre-exisiting ideas about objects

Question 33

accomodation

Answer 33

change a pre-existing idea to fit new information

Question 34

schema

Answer 34

like an implicit bias

Question 35

sensorimotor stage

Answer 35

0-2 years infants use senses and movement to learn integrate sensory processes

Question 36

key accomplishments of sensorimotor

Answer 36

object permanence and goal oriented behaviour

Question 37

preoperational stage

Answer 37

2-7 years children start to develop and acquire language skills + imagination

Question 38

concrete operational stage

Answer 38

7-12 thinking becomes more sophisticated logical

Question 39

key accomplishments of preoperational

Answer 39

egocentrism, animism, centration, transformation

Question 40

what does thinking have to be attached with in the concrete operational stage

Answer 40

something tangible

Question 41

key accomplishments of concrete operational

Answer 41

conservation, classification and reversibility

Question 42

formal operational stage

Answer 42

12+ children develop more complex and sophisticated thinking

Question 43

key accomplishments of formal operational

Answer 43

abstract thinking, logical thinking and idealistic thinking

Question 44

criticisms of piaget

Answer 44

children are limited in their abilities overestimated children's language abilities used his OWN children

Question 45

# 8, social stages of erik erikson's theory

Answer 45

1. trust vs mistrust 2. autonomy vs self doubt 3. initiative vs guilt 4. industry vs inferiority 5. identity vs role confusion 6. intimacy vs isolation 7. generativity vs stagnation 8. integrity vs despair

Question 46

# 4, cognitive stages of piaget's

Answer 46

1. sensorimotor (0-2) 2. preoperational (2-7) 3. concrete operational (7-12) 4. formal operational (12+)

Question 47

sensitive period

Answer 47

periods in development where sensory experiences have greater influence | is not exclusive

Question 48

sensitive period for speaking

Answer 48

7 months to 3 years

Question 49

sensitive period for writing

Answer 49

3.5 to 4.5 years

Question 50

sensitive period for reading

Answer 50

4.5 to 5.5 years

Question 51

critical period

Answer 51

a period in development hwere an individual is most vulnerable to the absense of certain environmental stimuli | exclusive

Question 52

critical period for sensory development

Answer 52

first three months after birth