Summative Test 2/21 Flashcards
what is an emotion?
a complex reaction pattern to a personal event involving a mixture of physiological responses, subjective feelings and behaviours
physiological responses
unnoticeable bodily changes – occurs when an emotion is being experienced
ex. heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration
subjective feelings
inner personal experience of an emotion
ex. being in love
expressive behaviours
overt expressions of behaviours that communicate emotions – outward, noticeable signs
what is attachment?
the emotional bond which forms between an infant and a caregiver
what did Mary Ainsworth do?
researched attachment – the strange situation experiment
secure attachment
SECURE BASE
can be soothed easily
infants feel safe and can depend on caregiver
60-65% of Australian children
insecure avoidant attachment
unresponsive to caregiver’s arrival/departure
either temperament or nurture
insecure resistant attachment
underdeveloped secure base
infants are clingy and resist exploration
very distressed and hard to soothe
disorganised attachment
NOT DISCOVERED BY MARY
infant displays problematic and unpredictable behaviour
due to extremely negative early life experiences
future of secure attachment babies
healthy relationships and good mental health
future of insecure attachment
unhealthy relationships, scared of emotions, bad mental health, lack of trust
future of disorganised attachment
bad self esteem, mental disorders, controlling and high levels of anger
what did Harry Harlow do?
he made an attachment experiment with Rhesus monkeys
types of development
emotional, cognitive and social
what did harry harlow’s experiment prove
the importance of physical touch in infancy
what type of parents did the Rhesus monkeys grow up to be
aggressive
what did Ainsworth’s experiment prove
the importance of secure bases and strong emotional attachment as an infant
what is social behaviour
any action influenced by the presence of others
what did Erik Erikson believe
that an individual’s personality develops from the combination of the psychological processes within the individual and their external experiences with other people throughout their lives
what did Erik erikson make?
a theory of psychosocial development
the eight stages
Stage 1: Trust VS Mistrust
0-2 years old
needs met = trusting
needs not met = distrusting and insecure
Stage 2: Autonomy VS Shame & Distrust
2-3 years old
child gains autonomy
need met = confident
needs not met = sense of shame & self doubt
Stage 3: Initiative VS Guilt
3-6 years old
children start to socialise in their families
needs not met = ignoring of family members lowers self esteem
Stage 4: Industry VS Inferiority
6 years old - puberty
children start to socialise outside
needs not met = incompetence and inferiority
Stage 5: Identity VS Role Confusion
adolescence
challenge: to form a clear sense of identity
needs not met = low self esteem and instability
risk of developing mental disorders
Stage 6: Intimacy VS Isolation
early adulthood
success with intimacy = empathy and openness
failure = feeling of isolation, shrewdness and a “need” to manipulate
Stage 7: Generativity V Stagnation
middle age
challenge: to develop relationships and have concern with/abt younger generations
success = unselfish guidance & feeling of contentment
failure = self absorbed & indulgent
Stage 8: Integrity VS Despair
65+
challenge: avoid dwelling on past mistakes & imminent death
success = sense of meaning and accomplishment
failure = bitterness, regret and despair
what did some early thinkers believe about infants
that they were empty vessels waiting to be filled with knowledge
what did Jean Piaget research and make?
cognitive capabilities of infants
viewed cognitive development as a process of adaptation
he made Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory
the key accomplishments
assimilation
process of taking in new information and fitting it into pre-exisiting ideas about objects
accomodation
change a pre-existing idea to fit new information
schema
like an implicit bias
sensorimotor stage
0-2 years
infants use senses and movement to learn
integrate sensory processes
key accomplishments of sensorimotor
object permanence and goal oriented behaviour
preoperational stage
2-7 years
children start to develop and acquire language skills + imagination
concrete operational stage
7-12
thinking becomes more sophisticated
logical
key accomplishments of preoperational
egocentrism, animism, centration, transformation
what does thinking have to be attached with in the concrete operational stage
something tangible
key accomplishments of concrete operational
conservation, classification and reversibility
formal operational stage
12+
children develop more complex and sophisticated thinking
key accomplishments of formal operational
abstract thinking, logical thinking and idealistic thinking
criticisms of piaget
children are limited in their abilities
overestimated children’s language abilities
used his OWN children
8, social
stages of erik erikson’s theory
- trust vs mistrust
- autonomy vs self doubt
- initiative vs guilt
- industry vs inferiority
- identity vs role confusion
- intimacy vs isolation
- generativity vs stagnation
- integrity vs despair
4, cognitive
stages of piaget’s
- sensorimotor (0-2)
- preoperational (2-7)
- concrete operational (7-12)
- formal operational (12+)
sensitive period
periods in development where sensory experiences have greater influence
is not exclusive
sensitive period for speaking
7 months to 3 years
sensitive period for writing
3.5 to 4.5 years
sensitive period for reading
4.5 to 5.5 years
critical period
a period in development hwere an individual is most vulnerable to the absense of certain environmental stimuli
exclusive
critical period for sensory development
first three months after birth
