chapter 9 perception Flashcards
what is attention?
a cognitive process allowing us to focus and filter out information
3 types of attention
sustained attention, selective attention and divided attention
what is sustained attention
high mental effort controlled cognitive processing, used with new stimuli, simple or complex tasks, hard to keep for a long time
what is selective attention
high mental effort controlled cognitive process, used with salient stimuli with others blocked out, for complex tasks, low risk for misperception
what is divided attention
little mental effort automatic cognitive processing, focusing on multiple stimuli across simple tasks, multitasking, performance decreases if one is harder
what do we use to process visual information?
top down and bottom up processing
what is top down processing
influenced by our schema – focus on the present with your perceptual set – prone to inaccuracies but time efficient
what is bottom up processing
focus on the present with the sensory info – accurate and used to make sense in unfamiliarity – takes more time and more cognitive effort
what do we use to process gustatory information?
top down and bottom up
what is top down gustatory processing
past experiences overpower the current experience
what is bottom up gustatory processing
current experience overpowers the past
what three things affect visual perception?
biological, social and psychological factors
2 types of biological factors
monocular and binocular depth cues
what are binocular depth cues
depth cues that require both eyes to send information to the brain to perceive depth
2 types of binocular depth cues
convergence and retinal disparity
what is convergence
the inward turning of the eyes detected by the brain as tension in the muscles, which activates depth determination (inward is near, outward is far)
what is retinal disparity
the brain detecting similarities & differences between info in the 6cm of distance between our eyes, can be used for up to 10m away
what are monocular depth cues
depth cues that only require one eye to send information to the brain to perceive depth
1 type of monocular depth cue
accomodation
what is accomodation
it’s separate in both eyes, when the lens flattens (when an object is far away) or bulges (when object is closer)
3 types of visual psychological factors
perceptual set, perceptual constancy and gestalt principles
what is perceptual set?
the tendency go view things in a certain way due to a readiness to receive certain stimuli
4 types of perceptual set
past experience (images of old places), memory (plane), motivation, context
what is perceptual constancy?
a visual stimulus remaining constant even though the visual information send to the brain about the object shows it as constantly changing
3 types of perceptual constancy
size constancy, shape constancy, orientation constancy
what are gestalt principles
a set of principles that explain how we interpret visual information most efficiently by grouping individual elements together to perceive a whole object
4 gestalt principles
figure-ground, closure, similarity, proximity
what is figure ground?
tendency to see the figure separated from the less relevant background, separated by a contour line
3 factors affecting gustatory perception
biological, psychological and social
4 biological factors affecting gustatory
age, genetics, illness and pregnancy
3 psychological factors affecting gustatory
past experiences, emotion, product packaging
3 social factors affecting gustatory
food culture, historical experiences, songlines
