Summary of reproduction by phyla Flashcards
Summary
Porifera
* Sexual/asexual?
* Types?
* Monoecious/dioecious?
* Viviparous/Oviparous/Ovovivparous?
* Process?
* Internal/external fertilizaiton?
* Direct/indirect development?
Sexual & asexual
* Asexual: Budding, fragmentation, gemmulation
* Sexual: mostly monoecious
Mostly viviparous, some oviparous
Process:
* Sperm released in water
* Taken up by canal system of other individual
* Choanocytes phagocytize sperm & carry it to the oocytes
* Ciliated larvae are released
Mostly internal fertilization, but some external
* Oocytes and sperm released into the water
Direct development
Cnidaria
* Sexual/asexual?
* Types?
* Monoecious/dioecious?
* Viviparous/Oviparous/Ovovivparous?
* Process?
* Internal/external fertilizaiton?
* Direct/indirect development?
Sexual and asexual
* Asexual: Polyp
* Sexual: Polyp & medusa
Monoecious and dioecious
Viviparous
Process:
* Sperm fertilizes egg in gastric pouch
* Zygote develops on arms of female
* Planula larvae attach and become scyphistoma (polyp)
* Polyp can bud to form other polyps
* Polyps become strobili
* Strobili releases saucer-like buds called ephyrae
* Ephyrae grow into jellyfish (medusa)
Internal fertilization
Indirect development: Ciliated, free-swilmming planula larvae
Platyhelminthes: General
* Sexual/asexual?
* Types?
* Monoecious/dioecious?
* Viviparous/Oviparous/Ovovivparous?
* Internal/external fertilizaiton?
* Direct/indirect development?
* Free-living/parasites?
- Sexual and asexual
- Mostly monoecious
- Oviparous
- Internal fertilizaiton
- Direct or indirect development
- Free-living and parasitic
Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria
* Sexual/asexual?
* Monoecious/dioecious?
* Viviparous/Oviparous/Ovovivparous?
* Direct/indirect development?
* Free-living/parasites?
Sexual and asexual
* Asexual: Binary fission
* Sexual: Monoecious, oviparous
Internal fertilization
Direct development
Free-living
Platyhelminthes: Cestoda
* Sexual/asexual?
* Types?
* Monoecious/dioecious?
* Viviparous/Oviparous/Ovovivparous?
* Internal/external fertilizaiton?
* Direct/indirect development?
* Free-living/parasites?
Sexual and asexual
* Asexual: Binary/multiple fission, strobilation
* Sexual: Monoecious, oviparous
Internal fertilization
Indirect development: Trochophore larvae
Parasites:
* Intermediate host (asexual stage): invertebrates
* Definitive host (sexual stage): vertebrates
Platyhelminthes: Trematoda
* Sexual/asexual?
* Types?
* Monoecious/dioecious?
* Viviparous/Oviparous/Ovovivparous?
* Internal/external fertilizaiton?
* Direct/indirect development?
* Process?
* Free-living/parasites?
Sexual and asexual
* Asexual: Binary fission
* Sexual: Monoecious, oviparous
Internal fertilization
Indirect development: Trochophore larvae (miracidia)
Process:
* Eggs are passed in faeces
* Eggs hatch and liberate miracidia
* Parasite develops in snail
* Cercariae penetrate the skin of birds & migrate to the blood to complete the cycle
Endoparasites
* Intermediate host (asexual): Snails
* Definitive host (sexual): Birds
Nematodes:
* Sexual/asexual?
* Monoecious/dioecious?
* Viviparous/Oviparous/Ovovivparous?
* Internal/external fertilizaiton?
* Direct/indirect development?
* Free-living/parasites?
Sexual only
* Dioecious
* Oviparous
* Internal fertilization
Direct development
Mostly parasitic:
* Intermediate host: Mosquito
* Definitive host: Dog
Annelids
* Sexual/asexual
* Monoecious/dioecious?
* Viviparous/Oviparous/Ovovivparous?
* Internal/external fertilizaiton?
* Direct/indirect development?
* Free-living/parasites?
Mostly sexual
* Monoeciuos or dioecious
* Mostly oviparous
* Internal fertilization
Direct or indirect development: Trochophore larvae
Free-living
Mollusca: Gastropoda
* Sexual/asexual?
* Monoecious/dioecious?
* Viviparous/Oviparous/Ovovivparous?
* Internal/external fertilizaiton?
* Direct/indirect development?
Sexual
* Mostly dioecious
* Mostly oviparous, some ovoviviparous
* Mostly internal fertilization
Indirect develompent: Marine species have veliger larvae
Mollusca: Bivalves
* Sexual/asexual?
* Monoecious/dioecious?
* Viviparous/Oviparous/Ovovivparous?
* Internal/external fertilizaiton?
* Direct/indirect development?
Sexual
* Mostly dioecious
* Mostly ovoviviparous or viviparous
* Mostly external fertilization
Indirect develompent: Marine species have veliger larvae
Mollusca: Cephalopods
* Sexual/asexual?
* Monoecious/dioecious?
* Viviparous/Oviparous/Ovovivparous?
* Internal/external fertilizaiton?
* Direct/indirect development?
Sexual
* Dioecious
* Oviparous
* Internal fertilization
Direct develompent
Arthropods
* Sexual/asexual?
* Monoecious/dioecious?
* Viviparous/Oviparous/Ovovivparous?
* Internal/external fertilizaiton?
* Direct/indirect development?
Sexual
* Mostly dioecious
* Mostly oviparous, some ovoviviparous
* Mostly internal fertilization
Metamorphosis
* Direct develoment = ametabolous
* Indirect develoment = holometabolous or hemimetabolous
Echinodermata:
* Sexual/asexual?
* Types?
* Monoecious/dioecious?
* Viviparous/Oviparous/Ovovivparous?
* Internal/external fertilizaiton?
* Direct/indirect development?
Sexual and asexual
* Asexual: Fragmentation and regeneration
* Sexual: Dioecious, oviparous, external fertilization
Indirect development: Free-swimming planktonic larvae
Fish
* Sexual/asexual?
* Monoecious/dioecious?
* Viviparous/Oviparous/Ovovivparous?
* Internal/external fertilizaiton?
* Direct/indirect development?
* Unsual cases?
Sexual
* Mostly dioecious
* oviparous
* external fertilization
Indirect development
Usual cases:
* Sequential hemaphroditism in clown fish
* Asexual parthenogenesis in amazon molly
Amphibians
* Sexual/asexual?
* Monoecious/dioecious?
* Viviparous/Oviparous/Ovovivparous?
* Environment of eggs?
* Internal/external fertilizaiton?
* Direct/indirect development?
* Exceptions?
Sexual
* Dioecious
* Predominantly oviparous
* Eggs are aquatic
* Internal Fertilization
Indirect development
Exceptions:
* External fertilization in frogs
* Paedomorphosis in salamanders
