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AEBI 211: Organisms 2 > Mammals > Flashcards

Mammals Flashcards

1
Q

Aquatic mammals

A
  • Ancestor was terrestrial
  • General characteristics retained
  • Breath air
  • Skeleton more similar to mammals than fish
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2
Q

Integumentary System

Mammals

A
  • Hair
  • Horns and antlers
  • Glands

Integument = an external covering

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3
Q

Function of hair

A
  • Concealement
  • Behavioural signalling
  • Waterproofing
  • Buoyancy
  • Thermal insulation
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4
Q

Hair

Underhair

A

Soft and dense for insulation (waterproof in aquatic mammals)

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5
Q

Guard hair

A

Longer and coarse for protection and coloration

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6
Q

Integumentary system

Horns
* Composition:
* Family:
* Shed:
* Branched:
* Function:

A
  • Interior bone & sheath of keratin
  • Found in family Bovidae
  • Not shed
  • Not branched
  • Used for social interactions, competition for females
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7
Q

Integumentary system

Antlers
* Composition:
* Family:
* Shed:
* Branched:
* Function:

A
  • Solid bone, no keratin
  • Found in family Cervidae
  • Only males produce antlers (except in caribou)
  • Grow in the spring and shed after breeding season
  • Branched
  • Used for social interactions, competition for females

* No keratin

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8
Q

Integumentary System

Glands

A

An organ that secretes a substance that is excreted by the body

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9
Q

Glands

Sweat Glands

A
  • Eccrine glands
  • Appocrine glands
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10
Q

Sweat glands

Eccrine glands

A
  • Secrete waterly fluid
  • Evaporates on skin and causes cooling
  • Occurs in hairless regions in most mammals
  • Occurs all over body in humans & horses
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11
Q

Sweat glands

Appocrine glands

A
  • Secrete milky fluid
  • Dry on skin to form a film
  • Oderless until it combines with bacteria
  • Opens into a hair follicle
  • Develop near puberty in humans
  • Acts as thermoregulation in some mammals, and as phermones in others
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12
Q

Glands

Scent Glands

A
  • Occurs in nearly all mammals
  • Communication, marking territory, warning, defense
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13
Q

Glands

Sebaceous Glands

A
  • Secretes sebum into hair follicles
  • Keeps skin & hair pliable and glossy
  • Covers entire body (most mammals)
  • Mostly on scalp & face (humans)

Sebum = greasy mixture

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14
Q

Glands

Mammary Glands

A
  • Produce milk for young
  • Occurs in all females
  • Secreted via nipples (exc. = monotremes)
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15
Q

Taxonomy

What are the 3 main branches of mammals

A
  • Subclass Prototheria (monotremes)
  • Subclass Metatheria (marsupials)
  • Infraclass Eutheria (Placental mammals)
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16
Q

Estrous cycle

A

Estrous = period of heat associated with ovulation
* Monoestrous: single estrus during breeding season
* Polyestrous: recurrence of estrus during breeding season

17
Q

Menstruation

A

Discharge of blood and uterine endometrial tissue at the beginning of the menstrual cycle
* Most animals reabsorb the endometrial tissue
* Humans, chimps, elephant shrews and some bats discharge it

18
Q

Reproductive patterns: Monotremes

A
  • Oviparous
  • Large, yolky eggs
  • Embryos develop in uterus for 10-12 days
  • Thin, leathery shell is secreted around the embryos
  • Eggs laid in a burrow or mother’s pouch
  • Hatch after 12 more days
  • Drink milk produced by mother’s mammary glands
19
Q

Reproductive patterns: Marsupials

A
  • Sexual
  • Dioecious
  • Vivparous
  • Transient placenta
  • Young are born premature
  • Gestation is short
  • Parental care is long
  • Some have specialized pouches where they continue to nurse & protect the young after birth
20
Q

Reproductive patterns: Placental mammals

A
  • Viviparous
  • Prolonged gestation - embryos remain in the uterus nourished by food supplied by the placenta
  • Gestation period generally increases with animal size and lifespan
21
Q

Placenta

A

The placenta is a modified amniotic egg
* Amnion surrounds embryo with amniotic fluid
* Allantois, yolk sac, and part of chorion contribute to the placenta
* Chorion surrounds entire thing and breaks as labour begins

AEBI 211: Organisms 2 (31 decks)

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