Evolution

Question 1

Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis (Primordial Soup Theory):

Answer 1

Compounds characteristic of life formed slowly over time from simple molecules present in the prebiotic environment

Question 2

Miller-Urey Experiment:

Answer 2

Experiment:
* Mixture of H2O, H2, NH3, and CH4
* electrical spark as an energy source

Results:
* 15% of C was converted to organic compounds

Question 3

Chemical evolution

Answer 3

Formation of complex organic molecules from simpler inorganic ones

Question 4

Organic evolution

Answer 4

Changes in genetic composition in response to environmental changes

Question 5

Darwinian Evolution Theory

Answer 5

• Perpetual Change:
• Common Descent:
• Multiplication of Species:
• Gradualism
• Natural Selection

Question 6

Advantageous intermediates

Answer 6

Intermediate step might be advantageous in itself

Question 7

Exaptation

Answer 7

Features acquire functions for which they were not originally adapted

Question 8

Adaptation

Answer 8

A Change by which organism/species becomes better suited to its environment

Question 9

Allopatric speciation

Answer 9

Ancestral population geographically divided
* Vicariant speciation: Climate or geology causes populations to fragment
* Founder effect: small # of individuals disperse and form a new populations

Question 10

Sympatric speciation

Answer 10

Diverging lineages co-occupy a geographic area

Question 11

Biological species concept

Answer 11

Characterizes species by their ability to produce fertile offspring

Question 12

Morphological species conept

Answer 12

Characterizes species by body shape and other morphological features

Question 13

Ecological species concept

Answer 13

Characterizes species in terms of its ecological niche

Question 14

Phylogeny

Answer 14

Evolutionary history of any taxon

Question 15

Homology

Answer 15

Shared character resulting from common ancestry

Question 16

Analogy/homoplasy

Answer 16

Shared character not inherited from common ancestor

Question 17

Convergent evolution

Answer 17

Independent evolution of similar features in different species

Question 18

Clade

Answer 18

Unit of evolutionary common descent that includes ancestral lineage + descendants

Question 19

Monophyletic clade

Answer 19

Most recent common ancestor + descendants of that ancestor

Question 20

Paraphyletic clade

Answer 20

Most recent common ancestor + some but not all descendants

Question 21

Polyphyletic clade

Answer 21

Doesn’t include most recent common ancestor of all members