SUMMARY Flashcards
What bacteria dominates oral cavity sub and supragingivally?
streptococci
Is strep catalase positive or negative?
negative
what test can be done to differentiate strep?
haemolysis
what type of strep is alpha haemolytic?
s.pneumonaie
s. viridians (oral strep)
what type of strep is beta haemolytic?
s.angiosus
s.pyogenes
what type of strep is gamma haemolytic?
enterococci
what shape are streptococci?
spherical
what type of anaerobe is strep?
can be facultative or obligate
what does strep produce?
lactic acid
what enzyme accumulates when strep causes caries?
glucotransferase
what type of pnuemonia does strep cause?
commonly acquired
what toxin does strep release in commonly acquires pnuemonia?
pneumolysin toxin
what type of gingivits can strep cause?
acute streptococcal gingivits
what skin diseases can strep cause?
impetigo
cellulitis
necrotising faciitis
what bacterial throat infection does strep cause?
strep throat
what type of strep causes strep throat and what type specifically?
GAS
s.pyogenes
what are symptoms of bacterial strep throat?
swollen uvula
red/ swollen tonsils
white spots
red/ swollen throat
gray, furry tongue
bad breath
fever
what are symptoms of viral sore throat?
no fever
no bad taste
runny nose
cough
after strep throat, what can be caused from the leftover reservoir of infection?
Scarlett fever
what is the main symptom of scarlett fever?
severe fever
swollen neck
fine red rash
what age of people does scarlett fever mainly affect?
young
how is the rash in scarlett fever caused?
direct damage to capillary blood vessels
what is a complication of scarlett fever/ strep throat?
rheumatic fever
what are symptoms of rheumatic fever?
joint inflammation
what causes rheumatic fever following strep throat/ scarlett fever?
immune system starts to attack healthy cells
what antibiotics are best for strep infections?
PenV
erythromycin if allergic
where is staphylococcus usually found?
skin
is staph catalase positive or negative?
positive
what test can be run on staph?
coagulase
what types of staph is coagulase +ve?
s.aureus - MRSA
what staph is coagulase -ve?
s.epidermis
what type of anaerobe is staph?
facultative
what is staphs main mode of infection?q
colonisation and adhesion
what skin infections can s.aureus cause?
impetigo
folliculitis
abscess
scalded skin
what is the toxin produces by s. aureus in skin infections?
PVL toxin
what can s.aureus cause elsewhere in the body?
toxic shock
how does s.aureus cause toxic shock?
TSST-1 superantigen = cytokine storm
other than skin infection and toxic shock, what else can staph cause?
ludwigs angina
necrotising pneumonia
acute bacterial parotitis
what antibiotic would be used to treat staph infection?
mupirocin - topical decontamination
Vamomycin - MRSA
Pen V
What are the 4 main pathogens of caries?
oral strep - s.mutans
lactobacilli
actinomyces
rothia dentocariosa
veillonella
in caries, what pathogens increase as strep mutans decrease?
lactobacilli
what shape are most of the caries pathogens?
gram +ve pleomorphic rods
what does rothia dentocariosa produce?
ESP
how may veillonela be classed as a good pathogen?
it uses the lactic acid as energy
what happens to pathogens in periodontitis?
reduction in strep and actinomyces
increase in GNABs
Name 3 black pigmented GNABs
p.gingivallis
p.intermendia
p.nigrescins
how do you treat black pigmented GNABs?
blue light
what pathogens in periodontitis cluster?
fusobacteria
what is the red complex?
p.gingivallis
tannerella forsythia
treponema denticola
what is the orange complex?
fusobacterium
p.nigrescins
p.intermedia
what does the red and orange complex increase at the expense of?
actinomyces
what pathogens cause periodontal abscess?
s.anginosus
GNABs
fusobacterium nucleatum
what pathogens cause endodontic infection?
fusobacterium nucleatum
enertococcus faecilis
what does enterococcus adhere to in endodontic infection?
collagen
what antibiotic is enterococcus faecalis resistant to?
PenV
When are you at risk of a dry socket?
post extraction
what is the main pathogen of dry socket?
fusobacteria
how do you treat a dry socket?
antiseptic dressing
metronidazole
chlorhexidine
what is treatment for ludwigs angina?
intravenous penicillin
ceftriaxone and metronidazole
what pathogens cause periimplantitis?
s. aureus and s.epidermis
GNABs
fusobacteria
strep
how would you treat periimplantits?
remove implant
clindamycin and amoxycillan
what type of pathogen is actinomyces?
opportunistic
what rare infection can actinomyces cause?
actinomycosis
how is actinomycosis charcterised?
lumpy jaw
how do you treat actinomycosis?
long term penicillin
what are the main pathogens of ANUG?
fuso-spirochaetal complex
what is the fuso-spirochaetal complex?
f.nucleatum
treponema vincenti
how do you treat ANUG?
ultrasonic scale
chlorhexidine
metronidazole 5 days
what are the main bacterial infections of upper respiratory tract?
whooping cough
diptheria
what pathogen causes whooping cough?
bordetella pertusis
what is bordetella pertusis?
gram +ve cocci
what are main symptoms of whooping cough?
persistent cough more than 7 days
what is Bordetella pertussis mode of action?
attach to ciliated epithelial cells and release pertussis toxin which kills leukocytes
how do you treat whooping cough?
erythromycin 14 days
VACCINE
what is diptheria?
a nose and throat infection that results in a thick grey coating of throat and tonsils
what pathogen is responsible for diptheria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
what type of pathogen is Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
gram +ve cocci
what creates the pseudomembrane in diptheria?
diptheria toxin
how do you treat diptheria?
diptheria antitoxin
Penicillin/ erythromycin
what infection does haemophilus influenza cause?
meningitis
bronchitis
pneumonia
what type of pathogen is haemophilus influenza?
gram -ve cocci
what is meningitis?
inflammation of protective layers surrounding brain and spinal cord
how do you treat infections caused by haemophilus influenza?
Immunisation
bronchitis - amoxycillin/ erythromycin
pneumonia - flucloxacillin + amoxycillin
meningitis - cephtriaxone
what are the main bacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract?
pneumonia
tuberculosis
what is the main cause of pneumonia?
s.pneumoniae
what toxin does s.pnuemonaie produce and what does it do?
pnueomolysin toxin forms pores
what are symptoms of pnuemonia?
shaking/ chill
chest pain
blood cough
how do you treat pnuemonia?
amoxicillin/ erythromycin
VACCINE
what pathogen is responsible for tuberculosis?
myobacterium tuberculosis
what is myobacterium tuberculosis mode of action?
forms granulatomous lesions in lungs
what types of tuberculosis are there?
pulmonary and oral
what are the risks of tuberculosis in an immunosuppressed patient?
diabetes
chronic kidney disease
cancer HIV/AIDS
How do you treat tuberculosis?
antibiotic cocktail
- isoniazid
- rifampicin
