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Microbiology > SUMMARY > Flashcards

SUMMARY Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What bacteria dominates oral cavity sub and supragingivally?

A

streptococci

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2
Q

Is strep catalase positive or negative?

A

negative

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3
Q

what test can be done to differentiate strep?

A

haemolysis

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4
Q

what type of strep is alpha haemolytic?

A

s.pneumonaie
s. viridians (oral strep)

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5
Q

what type of strep is beta haemolytic?

A

s.angiosus
s.pyogenes

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6
Q

what type of strep is gamma haemolytic?

A

enterococci

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7
Q

what shape are streptococci?

A

spherical

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8
Q

what type of anaerobe is strep?

A

can be facultative or obligate

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9
Q

what does strep produce?

A

lactic acid

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10
Q

what enzyme accumulates when strep causes caries?

A

glucotransferase

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11
Q

what type of pnuemonia does strep cause?

A

commonly acquired

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12
Q

what toxin does strep release in commonly acquires pnuemonia?

A

pneumolysin toxin

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13
Q

what type of gingivits can strep cause?

A

acute streptococcal gingivits

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14
Q

what skin diseases can strep cause?

A

impetigo
cellulitis
necrotising faciitis

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15
Q

what bacterial throat infection does strep cause?

A

strep throat

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16
Q

what type of strep causes strep throat and what type specifically?

A

GAS
s.pyogenes

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17
Q

what are symptoms of bacterial strep throat?

A

swollen uvula
red/ swollen tonsils
white spots
red/ swollen throat
gray, furry tongue
bad breath
fever

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18
Q

what are symptoms of viral sore throat?

A

no fever
no bad taste
runny nose
cough

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19
Q

after strep throat, what can be caused from the leftover reservoir of infection?

A

Scarlett fever

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20
Q

what is the main symptom of scarlett fever?

A

severe fever
swollen neck
fine red rash

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21
Q

what age of people does scarlett fever mainly affect?

A

young

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22
Q

how is the rash in scarlett fever caused?

A

direct damage to capillary blood vessels

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23
Q

what is a complication of scarlett fever/ strep throat?

A

rheumatic fever

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24
Q

what are symptoms of rheumatic fever?

A

joint inflammation

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25
Q

what causes rheumatic fever following strep throat/ scarlett fever?

A

immune system starts to attack healthy cells

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26
Q

what antibiotics are best for strep infections?

A

PenV
erythromycin if allergic

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27
Q

where is staphylococcus usually found?

A

skin

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28
Q

is staph catalase positive or negative?

A

positive

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29
Q

what test can be run on staph?

A

coagulase

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30
Q

what types of staph is coagulase +ve?

A

s.aureus - MRSA

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31
Q

what staph is coagulase -ve?

A

s.epidermis

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32
Q

what type of anaerobe is staph?

A

facultative

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33
Q

what is staphs main mode of infection?q

A

colonisation and adhesion

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34
Q

what skin infections can s.aureus cause?

A

impetigo
folliculitis
abscess
scalded skin

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35
Q

what is the toxin produces by s. aureus in skin infections?

A

PVL toxin

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36
Q

what can s.aureus cause elsewhere in the body?

A

toxic shock

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37
Q

how does s.aureus cause toxic shock?

A

TSST-1 superantigen = cytokine storm

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38
Q

other than skin infection and toxic shock, what else can staph cause?

A

ludwigs angina
necrotising pneumonia
acute bacterial parotitis

39
Q

what antibiotic would be used to treat staph infection?

A

mupirocin - topical decontamination
Vamomycin - MRSA
Pen V

40
Q

What are the 4 main pathogens of caries?

A

oral strep - s.mutans
lactobacilli
actinomyces
rothia dentocariosa
veillonella

41
Q

in caries, what pathogens increase as strep mutans decrease?

A

lactobacilli

42
Q

what shape are most of the caries pathogens?

A

gram +ve pleomorphic rods

43
Q

what does rothia dentocariosa produce?

A

ESP

44
Q

how may veillonela be classed as a good pathogen?

A

it uses the lactic acid as energy

45
Q

what happens to pathogens in periodontitis?

A

reduction in strep and actinomyces
increase in GNABs

46
Q

Name 3 black pigmented GNABs

A

p.gingivallis
p.intermendia
p.nigrescins

47
Q

how do you treat black pigmented GNABs?

A

blue light

48
Q

what pathogens in periodontitis cluster?

A

fusobacteria

49
Q

what is the red complex?

A

p.gingivallis
tannerella forsythia
treponema denticola

50
Q

what is the orange complex?

A

fusobacterium
p.nigrescins
p.intermedia

51
Q

what does the red and orange complex increase at the expense of?

A

actinomyces

52
Q

what pathogens cause periodontal abscess?

A

s.anginosus
GNABs
fusobacterium nucleatum

53
Q

what pathogens cause endodontic infection?

A

fusobacterium nucleatum
enertococcus faecilis

54
Q

what does enterococcus adhere to in endodontic infection?

A

collagen

55
Q

what antibiotic is enterococcus faecalis resistant to?

A

PenV

56
Q

When are you at risk of a dry socket?

A

post extraction

57
Q

what is the main pathogen of dry socket?

A

fusobacteria

58
Q

how do you treat a dry socket?

A

antiseptic dressing
metronidazole
chlorhexidine

59
Q

what is treatment for ludwigs angina?

A

intravenous penicillin
ceftriaxone and metronidazole

60
Q

what pathogens cause periimplantitis?

A

s. aureus and s.epidermis
GNABs
fusobacteria
strep

61
Q

how would you treat periimplantits?

A

remove implant
clindamycin and amoxycillan

62
Q

what type of pathogen is actinomyces?

A

opportunistic

63
Q

what rare infection can actinomyces cause?

A

actinomycosis

64
Q

how is actinomycosis charcterised?

A

lumpy jaw

65
Q

how do you treat actinomycosis?

A

long term penicillin

66
Q

what are the main pathogens of ANUG?

A

fuso-spirochaetal complex

67
Q

what is the fuso-spirochaetal complex?

A

f.nucleatum
treponema vincenti

68
Q

how do you treat ANUG?

A

ultrasonic scale
chlorhexidine
metronidazole 5 days

69
Q

what are the main bacterial infections of upper respiratory tract?

A

whooping cough
diptheria

70
Q

what pathogen causes whooping cough?

A

bordetella pertusis

71
Q

what is bordetella pertusis?

A

gram +ve cocci

72
Q

what are main symptoms of whooping cough?

A

persistent cough more than 7 days

73
Q

what is Bordetella pertussis mode of action?

A

attach to ciliated epithelial cells and release pertussis toxin which kills leukocytes

74
Q

how do you treat whooping cough?

A

erythromycin 14 days
VACCINE

75
Q

what is diptheria?

A

a nose and throat infection that results in a thick grey coating of throat and tonsils

76
Q

what pathogen is responsible for diptheria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

77
Q

what type of pathogen is Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

gram +ve cocci

78
Q

what creates the pseudomembrane in diptheria?

A

diptheria toxin

79
Q

how do you treat diptheria?

A

diptheria antitoxin
Penicillin/ erythromycin

80
Q

what infection does haemophilus influenza cause?

A

meningitis
bronchitis
pneumonia

81
Q

what type of pathogen is haemophilus influenza?

A

gram -ve cocci

82
Q

what is meningitis?

A

inflammation of protective layers surrounding brain and spinal cord

83
Q

how do you treat infections caused by haemophilus influenza?

A

Immunisation
bronchitis - amoxycillin/ erythromycin
pneumonia - flucloxacillin + amoxycillin
meningitis - cephtriaxone

84
Q

what are the main bacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract?

A

pneumonia
tuberculosis

85
Q

what is the main cause of pneumonia?

A

s.pneumoniae

86
Q

what toxin does s.pnuemonaie produce and what does it do?

A

pnueomolysin toxin forms pores

87
Q

what are symptoms of pnuemonia?

A

shaking/ chill
chest pain
blood cough

88
Q

how do you treat pnuemonia?

A

amoxicillin/ erythromycin
VACCINE

89
Q

what pathogen is responsible for tuberculosis?

A

myobacterium tuberculosis

90
Q

what is myobacterium tuberculosis mode of action?

A

forms granulatomous lesions in lungs

91
Q

what types of tuberculosis are there?

A

pulmonary and oral

92
Q

what are the risks of tuberculosis in an immunosuppressed patient?

A

diabetes
chronic kidney disease
cancer HIV/AIDS

93
Q

How do you treat tuberculosis?

A

antibiotic cocktail
- isoniazid
- rifampicin

Microbiology (14 decks)

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