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1
Q

What pathogen dominates the oral cavity?

A

Streptococci

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2
Q

What facultative anaerobes dominate the oral cavity?

A

Srep anginosus
Actinomyces

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3
Q

What type of anaerobes are s.anginosus and actinomyces?

A

Facultative anaerobe

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4
Q

What strict anaerobes dominate the oral cavity?

A

Prevotella and Fusobacterium Nucleatum

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5
Q

What type of anaerobes are fisobacterium nucleatum and prevotella?

A

Strict anaerobes

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6
Q

What parts of the oral cavity hold the most complex communities?

A

gingival crevice and tooth surface

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7
Q

Is streptococci gram positive or negative?

A

positive

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8
Q

What bacteria are the most common cause of infective endocarditis?

A

Viridans streptococci

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9
Q

What stain do streptococci produce on an agar plate and why?

A

Green, they are alpha haemolytic

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10
Q

What bacteria dominate caries?

A

Streptococci mutans

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11
Q

How do oral streptococci populate to the bloodstream?

A

Adhere via platelet fibrin depositions

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12
Q

What is the severe response to infection?

A

Sepsis

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13
Q

What happens to blood vessels in a septic response?

A

blood vessels become leaky so lose fluid into tissues

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14
Q

what happens to heart rate in sepsis?

A

increases

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15
Q

what happens to oxygen perfusion in sepsis?

A

decreases

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16
Q

what is a result of decrease oxygen perfusion in sepsis?

A

essential organs shut down as brain is the priority

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17
Q

what does blood clotting pose a risk for?

A

haemorrhage

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18
Q

what types of pathogens are found in periodontitis?

A

GNABs
RED COMPLEX
Fusobacterium

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19
Q

What are examples of GNABs in periodontitis?

A

Porphyromonas
Prevotella

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20
Q

What is the red complex?

A

Treponema denticola
Tanerella forsythsia
Porphyromonas gingivalis

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21
Q

What type of anaerobe is treponema denticola?

A

obligate anaerobe
spirochete

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22
Q

What is the virulence factor for treponema denticola?

A

adhere to epithelial cells and fibroblasts to release enzymes into the ECM

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23
Q

What type of anaerobe is tannerella forsythia?

A

obligate anaerobe
spirilla

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24
Q

What is the virulence factor for tannerella forsythia?

A

cell surface proteolytic enzymes

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25
Q

What type of anaerobe is prophyromonas gingivalis?

A

rod-shaped

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26
Q

What is the virulence factor for porphyromonas gingivalis?

A

collagenase enzymes degrade haemoglobin so prevent iron transport

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27
Q

What are types of black pigmented bacteria present in periodontitis?

A

P.gingivalis
P.intermedia
P.nigrescins

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28
Q

How do you treat black pigmented GNABs?

A

Blue light

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29
Q

What are the main pathogens of endodontic infection?

A

Fusobacterium nucleatum (-ve)
Enterococcus faecalis (+ve)

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30
Q

What are the main pathogens of periimplantitis?

A

staphylococcus aureus
staphylococcus epidermis

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31
Q

How do you differentiate staph. epidermis and staph. aureus?

A

staph aureus - coagulase +ve
staph epidermis - coagulase -ve

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32
Q

What is the main pathogen of dry socket?

A

fusobacteria

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33
Q

How is dry socket treated?

A

chlorohexadine irrigation, antiseptic dressing, metronidazole

34
Q

What pathogens are responsible for pulpitis?

A

fusobacteria
enterococcus

35
Q

What pathogen is commonly found in plaque?

A

actinomyces

36
Q

where would you find actinomyces?

A

supra and sub gingival plaque
female genital tract

37
Q

what can actinomyces infection present as?

A

caries?
cervicofacial actinomycosis
actinomyces filaments aggregations

38
Q

What’s the main risk factor of acute necrotising ulcerative gingivits?

A

immunosuppression

39
Q

What is a common characteristic of acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis?

A

grey psuedomembrane

40
Q

What causes the fuso-spirochaetal complex in acute necrotising ulcerative gingivits?

A

f. nucleutum and treponema vincenti

41
Q

How would you treat acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis?

A

scale
chlorhexadine
metronidazole 5 days

42
Q

What is the main pathogen of ludwigs angina?

A

Staphylococcus

43
Q

What type of oral strep are present in ludwigs angina?

A

B-haemolytic oral strep

44
Q

What causes skin infections like folliculitis, abscess, carbuncles, impetigo, scalded skin syndrome?

A

Staph aureus

45
Q

What superantigen is responsible for toxic shock syndrome?

46
Q

What does TSST-1 do?

A

creates cytokine storm

47
Q

what are the symptoms of toxic shock?

A

39 degree fever
muscular erythroderma
hypotension
more than 3 organs involved

48
Q

What is GAS>?

A

Group A Strep

49
Q

What is GAS>?

A

Group A Strep

50
Q

What type of pathogen is strep pyogenes?

51
Q

What is responsible for strep throat?

A

Strep pyogenes

52
Q

What is responsible for strep throat?

A

Strep pyogenes

53
Q

What is responsible for strep throat?

A

Strep pyogenes

54
Q

Other than strep throat, what can strep pyogenes cause in the upper respiratory tract?

A

Scarlet throat
Acute streptococcal gingivits

55
Q

What is a contraindication of scarlet throat?

A

Rheumatic fever

56
Q

What is strep pyogenes virulence factor?

57
Q

What pathogen is responsible for whooping cough?

A

Bordetella pertussis

58
Q

How would you treat whooping cough?

A

erythromycin 14 days

59
Q

What pathogen is responsible for diptheria?

A

Toxigenic corynebacterium diphtheriae

60
Q

What is Bordetella pertussis responsible for?

A

whooping cough

61
Q

what is toxigenic corynebacterium diphtheriae responsible for?

62
Q

How is diptheria treated?

A

diptheria antitoxin
penicillin/ erythromycin

63
Q

Is haemophilus influenza the cause of the flu?

64
Q

what is the main action of bordetella pertussis?

A

eliminates mucouscilary escalator, compromising lining of tract
immune cells attacked by pertussis toxin

65
Q

What causes pneumonia?

A

strep pneumoniae

66
Q

what are different types of strep pnuemoniae?

A

catalase positive and negative

67
Q

What causes tuberculosis?

A

myobacterium tuberculosis

68
Q

What happens in tuberculosis?

A

granulomatous lesions forms

69
Q

what is a common pathogen in supragingival plaque?

A

rothia denticariosa

70
Q

What pathogen uses lactic acid as energy?

A

viellonella

71
Q

What pathogen is commonly found in subgingival plaque?

A

P.gingivallis

72
Q

What causes halitosis?

A

metabolic end products

73
Q

In halitosis,
what causes nitrogenous metabolic end products?

74
Q

in halitosis,
what causes sulphurous metabolic end products?

A

hydrogen sulphide

75
Q

How may tuberculosis be spotted in oral cavity?

76
Q

whats the main risk factor for tuberculosis?

77
Q

What is the treatment for tuberculosis?

A

Isonazid
Rifampicin
Pyranzanide
Ethambutol

78
Q

What is an antibiotic cocktail used to treat in the lower respiratory tract?

A

tuberculosis

79
Q

in strep pneumoniae, what does its toxin do?

A

pneumolysin toxin attacks WBC
it has capsule

80
Q

At what point would strep pneumoniae cause death?

A

second infection

81
Q

What is used to treat pneumonia?

A

amoxicillin/ erythromycin
vaccine (anti-capsular)

Microbiology (14 decks)

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