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Dats great > Summa Week 9 Part II > Flashcards

Summa Week 9 Part II Flashcards

1
Q

SStotal total variance in the data

A

= SStreatment variance due to the treatment + SSerror errors in model

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2
Q

ANOVA is an Omnibus test that tests for overall…

A

difference between groups

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3
Q

ANOVA is an Omnibus test tells us that group means are…

A

different

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4
Q

ANOVA is an Omnibus test that doesn’t tell us exactly where…

A

the significant difference lies

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5
Q

What else do you use with ANOVA?

A

priori comparisons and/or post-hoc tests

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6
Q

What are the 5 posthoc tests?

A 
Bonferroni
Fisher's LSD
Scheffe
Tukey's HSD
Dunnett's C
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7
Q

Tukey’s HSD stands for

A

Tukey’s honestly significant difference test

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8
Q

What is another name for Studentized Range Statistic?

A

Tukey’s Honestly Significant Test

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9
Q

What is another name for Tukey’s Honestly significant test

A

Studentized Range Statistic

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10
Q

Tukey’s HSD test results in a ____ number HSD

A

single

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11
Q

HSD determines the _____ difference between treatments that is necessary for ______ _______

A

minimum

statistical significance

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12
Q

In psychology, Tukey’s HSD test is probably the most ____ ______ and _____ commonly used post-hoc test

A

most well understood

most commonly used

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13
Q

Tukey’s HSD is conservative or liberal?

A

conservative, i.e. the familywise error was smaller than Bonferroni

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14
Q

HSD formula =

A

q x square root of (MSwithin/n)

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15
Q

HSD formula: has q that means

A

the table q is such that r refers to means that are k steps apart, where k is the number of treatments

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16
Q

MSwithin is found where?

A

from ANOVA in SPSS

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17
Q

n refers to for HSD formula…

A

number of scores within each treatment

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18
Q

We reject the null hypothesis if HSD < …

A

/x_1 = x_2

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19
Q

The Bonferroni adjustment formula is

A

divida a by the number of comparisons (c) and require that each test be significant at that level (.05/c) it is a bit conservative

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20
Q

What is strongly recommended for Bonferroni adjustment?

A

when you are making all possible pairwise comparisons among means. It is much too conservative in that case.

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21
Q

When is Bonferroni best used?

A

when you only want to make a few comparisons

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22
Q

BSD formula

A

t(a/c)/2 x square root of (MSwithin x (1/n1 + 1/n2))

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23
Q

If a = .05, c = 3, and there are 12 degrees of freedom, what is BSD?

A 
t(.05/3)/2) = 2.681
MSwithin = 4.5
n1 = 5
n2 = 5
=2.681 x square root of (4.5 x (1/5 + 1/5))
= 3.60
24
Q

Fisher’s LSD means?

A

Fisher’s least significant difference procedure

25
Q

Fisher’s LSD is the most conservative or liberal?

A

liberal, and is the only test that requries a significant overall F-value before continuing

26
Q

What posthoc test is the only test that requires a significant overall F-value before continuing?

A

Fisher’s LSD

27
Q

LSD formula

A

t x a/2 x square root of (MSwithin x (1/n1 + 1/n2))

28
Q

What is Dunnett’s C?

A

a pairwise comparisons test based on the studentized range

29
Q

what pairwise comparisons test is based on the studentized range?

A

Dunnett’s c

30
Q

Which posthoc test is appropriate when the variances are not equal?

A

Dunnett’s c

31
Q

what is an advantage of a priori procedures?

A

limits the alpha

32
Q

If the a priori comparisons are planned, then you test them ______ any correction

A

without

33
Q

Each ___ test for the ________ comparison is treated like any other ___ test. You look up an ___-critical value in a table with df____ and df_____

A 
F
F
F
comp
error
34
Q

T-test for a priori uses MS____ and t_____ at df_____

A

error
critical
error

35
Q

What a priori test do ou use with correction?

A

Bonferroni or Dunn’s test

36
Q

What is a common requirement with Bonferroni and Dunn’s tests?

A

they both require equal sample sizes

37
Q

What are orthogonal contrasts?

A

comparisons that are a priori and hypothesis driven, enabling the researcher to analyze similar groups as one against other (uses fractions to discern the degree to which each are represented in the comparison

38
Q

What is the first rule when choosing contrasts?

A

constrasts must not interfere with each other (they must test unique hypotheses)/independent

39
Q

What is the second rule when choosing contrasts?

A

each contrast should compare only 2 chunks of variation

40
Q

What is the third rule when choosing contrasts?

A

you should always end up with one less contrast than the number of groups

41
Q

If you are testing the effects of Viagra on libido using three groups, what are some possible contrasts?

A

1) only treatments with low or high doses

2) placebo vs treatments

42
Q

How are contrasts mapped out according to what we’ve learned?

A

SSm variance explained by the model =
low + high dose variance explained by experimental groups (that are high and low - contrast 2), vs.
placebo variance explained by control group (contrast 1)

43
Q

When creating orthogonal contrasts, groups coded with positive weight are compared to groups coded with…

A

negative weights

44
Q

The sum of weights for a comparison should be…

A

zero

45
Q

If a group is not involved in a comparison, assign it a weight of…

A

zero

46
Q

For a given contrast, the weights assigned to the group(s) in one chunk f variation should be equal to…

A

the number of groups in the opposite chunk of variation

47
Q

If a group is singled out in a comparison, then that group should…

A

not be used in any subsequent contrasts

48
Q

What is a linear trend in trend analysis?

A

an upward line

49
Q

What is a quadratic trend in trend analysis?

A

a hill-type line

50
Q

What is a cubic trend in trend analysis?

A

a line that goes up and down and then up again

51
Q

What is a quartic trend in trend analysis?

A

a line that goes down and then waaaaaaay up, and then down, and then up (shape of a w)

52
Q

Do you use Levene’s test for trend analysis?

A

hell ya

53
Q

Do you use Levene’s test for contrast tests?

A

hell ya

54
Q

T or F: The grand mean is the mean of all observations across all groups.

A

true

55
Q

It is impossible to obtain a negative value for an F-ratio

A

it’s very rare, but it is still possible/false

56
Q

we wish to test the hypothesis of no difference between the means of two dependent samples. Tehre are 30 cases in the first sample, and 30 cases in the second. The number of degrees of freedom for this test will be

a. 28
b. 29
c. 58
d. 59

A

a. 28

57
Q

A research report describing the results from a repeated-measures study includes the following: “The data show no significant difference between the two treatments, t(10) = 1.65, p > .05.” Based on this report, you can conclude that a total of ____ individuals participated in the research study.

a. 9
b. 10
c. 11
d. 12

A

d. 12

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