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Dats great > Summa Week 1 > Flashcards

Summa Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are stats courses required?

A

conduct resaerch for theses and dissertations and design experiments

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2
Q

what is required to design experiments?

A

ask empirical questions (what do we want to know) and statistical considerations (how can we analyze the data)

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3
Q

Why so many stats courses?

A

A lot of material, and step-by-step is an effective learning strategy

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4
Q

How to approach course

A 
read material before and after class
attend classes
take notes
bring materials
ask questsions
engage 
work through problems
participate in study groups
get a tutor if necessary 
work hard
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5
Q

Objective of advanced design?

A

to design research, analyze data using SPSS, reach appropriate conclusions, report results following APA format, evaluate research of others

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6
Q

Examples of inferential statistics

A 
null hypothesis significance testing
general linear model
correlation and regression
analysis of variance
effect sizes and confidence intervals
nonparametric statistics
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7
Q

SPSS Stats course now?

A

25, although we have 24

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8
Q

What is myDesktop?

A

a Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI)

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9
Q

What is a VDI?

A

technology providing remote access to software used for specific courses (Virtual Desktop Infrastructure)

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10
Q

Who published DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS, a book that articulated the features of experimental research design?

A

Ronald Fisher (1890 - 1962)

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11
Q

What did Ronald Fisher incorporate in his statistical practice?

A

he incorporated ONE kind of statistical practice into Psychology in the 1940s and 1950s, i.e. null hypothesis significance testing

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12
Q

Who thought there were TWO kinds of statistical practice in psychology?

A

Jerzy Neyman (1894-1981) and Egon Pearson (1895-1980)

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13
Q

Who wrote What’s wrong with Psychology, anyway?

A

David Lykken, 1991

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14
Q

Should the Table and number be italicized in APA?

A

No

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15
Q

Should the title of a table be italicized in APA?

A

Yes

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16
Q

If placing tables in Appendices, how should they be labelled?

A

Table A1, Table A2…

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17
Q

How should you refer to tables?

A

By their number, not “as shown by the table above”

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18
Q

Where does the caption go when presenting a table?

A

directly ABOVE the table, and close enough to be associated with it

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19
Q

In table captions, should important words be capitalized?

A

Yes

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20
Q

Should captions be italicized in tables?

A

Yes

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21
Q

Are subscripts and Greek symbols italicized in table headings?

A

No

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22
Q

Are vertical lines used in headings?

A

NEVER

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23
Q

Can abbreviations for statistical indices (e.g., M for mean) be used in table headings?

A

Yes

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24
Q

How many horizontal lines are in a table?

A

three - above the heading, below the heading, and at the bottom of the table

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25
Q

How many decimals do p-values have?

A

3

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26
Q

How many decimals do participant numbers have?

A

0 (they are individuals, not .3 of a person)

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27
Q

How many decimals do statistical data have (apart from p-values)?

A

2

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28
Q

When do you use bold or italics in a table?

A

Never

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29
Q

Where are notes placed for a table?

A

Immediately underneath

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30
Q

How are probability levels of significance designated with in tables?

A

asterisks (*)

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31
Q

What is a golden rule about table descriptions in APA?

A

do not reiterate all the information in the body of the table

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32
Q

How do you label a table with a caption?

A

in italics* “Figure X.”

**Note: figures are NOT italicized when in text

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33
Q

Do you capitalize the first letter of each important word in the caption?

A

HELL NAW!

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34
Q

True or false: captions are italicized for figures in APA.

A

FALSE

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35
Q

Do captions end with a period for tables in APA?

A

Yes.

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36
Q

Where can captions for tables be placed in APA?

A

Above, below, or to the side of the figure, albeit close-by

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37
Q

How large must the elements of figures be in APA style?

A

Large enough and sharp enough to be legible

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38
Q

What kind of typeface do I use for APA style?

A

A simple, nonserif typeface with enough space between letters to avoid crowding.

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39
Q

Can I ever have different-sized letters in figures be in APA style?

A

No!

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40
Q

How large should the font size be for figures be in APA style??

A

Larger than 8, smaller than 14; ideally 12

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41
Q

What should be in the descriptions for papers in APA style?

A

A summary of the information WITHOUT reiterating all of the information in the figure

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42
Q

What does SPSS stand for?

A

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

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43
Q

What does the logo icon look like for SPSS?

A

A summary sign followed by a greek a, and a division sign, all in white letters in a blue circle

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44
Q

What types of files are typically saved into SPSS as datatables?

A

.sav

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45
Q

What are the two viewtabs in SPSS?

A

Dataview and variable view

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46
Q

What are the rows and columns in SPSS referred to?

A

cases and variables

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47
Q

What does each column represent?

A

a variable

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48
Q

What are the typical variable types in SPSS?

A

numeric or string

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49
Q

What type of variable needs you to specify the number of decimal places in variable view?

A

numeric

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50
Q

How many characters long can a variable name be?

A

256, but must start with a letter

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51
Q

What does each row represent?

A

a case

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52
Q

What typically are the participants in a SPSS table?

A

cases

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53
Q

If you have 100 participants in a study, how many cases do you have?

A

100 cases, or rows of information generated, regardless of number of trials

54
Q

What is a cell in SPSS?

A

an intersection between cases and variables. Each response to a survey question should be entered in a cell for each participant according to the defining variable data types

55
Q

What are the typical data types in SPSS?

A

strong, date, numeric, etc.

56
Q

What are the typical measurement scales in SPSS?

A

nominal, ordinal, or scale

57
Q

If you have a variable called a name, what type of variable should you use?

A

a string type

58
Q

If you have a variabled called a number, what type of variable should you use?

A

a numeric type, typically with 2 decimal places

59
Q

What does scale signify in SPSS?

A

ratio (true zero) or interval data (no true zero)

60
Q

What does the ruler symbol signify in SPSS?

A

a scale (continuous) variable

61
Q

What does the bar chart symbol signify in SPSS?

A

an ordinal variable

62
Q

What does the three coloured circles symbol in SPSS signify?

A

a nominal variable

63
Q

What is an output file typically saved as in SPSS?

A

.spv

64
Q

What does a data file save as in SPSS?

A

.sav

65
Q

How do you create a graph in SPSS?

A

With a completed table, select Analyze, then Graphs, then Linear Dialogs, and then the appropriate graph-type

66
Q

What are the two branches of statistics?

A

descriptive summaries and descriptions of a group of numbers,
and
inferential - infers information about a population by using information gathered by a SAMPLE

67
Q

What is a population in inferential statistics?

A

the complete set of data elements , regardless of size or finiteness

68
Q

What is a sample in inferential statistics?

A

a portion of a population selected for further analysis

69
Q

What is a parameter in inferential statistics?

A

a characteristic of the whole population (typically descriptive statistic)

70
Q

What is a statistic?

A

a characteristic of a sample, PRESUMABLY descriptive

71
Q

What is randomness in inferential statistics?

A

that which a sample not only allows us to estimate certain characteristics of the population, but also attest the accuracy of our estimates. If not accurate, then not meaningful

72
Q

What implies external validity?

A

Random selection

73
Q

Would you define random selection and external validity as relevant to sociology or psychology?

A

it is more suitable to sociology because it does not require true randomness, since individuals are inherently who they are regardless and their assignment to certain types or groups, etc. CANNOT be randomly assigned

74
Q

Would you define random assignment and internal validity as relevant to sociology or psychology?

A

Psychology

75
Q

What is the experimental method?

A

has a high level of control to isolate the independent variables to assume a cause and effect relationship; random assignment renders groups equivalent, comparison/control of at least two groups observed

76
Q

What is the quasi-experimental method?

A

a method using a non-manipulated IV which lacks random assignmnt to groups and/or lack of control (comparison) group i.e. gender

77
Q

What is the correlational method?

A

variables are measured as they naturally occur - they lack random assignment and control to determine cause-effect, more specific to anthropology

78
Q

What the scales of measurement according to S. Stevens (1946, Harvard psychologist)?

A

the degree to which measured variables conform to the abstract number system; includes: Identity, Order, Equal distance, and Absolute zero (i.e. complete absence of the variable)

79
Q

What is the nominal scale?

A

a categorical measurement

80
Q

What is the ordinal scale?

A

the sequence of categories measured e.g. rank

81
Q

What is the interval scale?

A

a numerical measurement that does not have a true zero point i.e. temperature

82
Q

What is the ratio scale?

A

a numerical measurement ordering with a true zero point i.e. weight

83
Q

What do scales of measurement determine?

A

the type of statistical analyses possible

84
Q

What are measurements of central tendency?

A

MMM: mean, median, and mode

85
Q

What is the formula for mean?

A

X = sum of datapoints divided by number of variables

86
Q

What is the formula for median?

A

number of variables +1 divided by the datapoint in question

87
Q

What is the formula for mode?

A

no formula. line the datapoints from smallest to largest, and note the most frequent datapoint listed, otherwise average if there are more than one

88
Q

If a bell curve is normal, are the mean, median and mode assumed to be the same?

A

No. the mode may be elsewhere, but the mean and median are likely to be the same

89
Q

If a positively skewed graph of data, what is the assumed order of

A

From smallest to largest: mode, median, and mean

90
Q

If there is an assumed normal curve but there is a dip in the middle of it, where are the locations of the central tendency?

A

assumably the mean and median would be in the middle, and the modes would be at the boobs

91
Q

if data is as often across the board, then where are the central tendencies?

A

the mean and median would be in the middle, and there would be NO mode

92
Q

What are elements of descriptive statistics?

A

variation, including range, variance, and standard deviation

93
Q

What are the types of range in descriptive statistics?

A

interquartile range (inner 25%), incorporating Q1 (separated bottom 1/4 from top 3/4), Q2 which is the same as the MEDIAN, Q3 (separates bottom 3/4 from top 1/4), and IQR (Q3-q1)

94
Q

What is the formula for variance?

A

s(squared)x = sum of (x - mean)squared divided by number of datapoints minus 1

95
Q

What is the formula for standard deviation?

A

sx = square root of (sum of (X minus mean) squared, divided by N-1)

96
Q

What is the most common graphic tool for descriptive statistics?

A

a mean plot, histogram, boxplot

97
Q

What does the histogram show?

A
  • centre of data
  • spread of data
  • skewness of data
  • presence of outliers
  • presence of multiple modes in the data
98
Q

What is a boxplot describing?

A

the centre and dispersion of datasets and locates outliers
detects and illustrates location and variation changes between different groups of data
assumes that the data are UNIMODAL. thus, they never claim that a distribution is normal!

99
Q

Can a boxplot describe normality?

A

no, it just assumes it

100
Q

What would you use to describe normality using a graphic plot?

A

a mean plot or a histogram

101
Q

How many IQR are from Q3 to the upper inner fence?

A

1.5 IQR

102
Q

How many IQR are from Q1 to the lower inner fence?

A

1.5 IQR

103
Q

What does a + signify in a boxplot?

A

the mean

104
Q

What is Q2 in a boxplot?

A

the median

105
Q

What are the upper and lower bars in a boxplot for?

A

the upper and lower adjacents

106
Q

What are the 1.5 IQRs from the upper and lower adjacents/bars signify?

A

upper inner fence and lower inner fence, respectively

107
Q

What are the methods for dealing with outliers?

A 
correct them
go back to raw data
estimation
remove them
keep them
transform them (logtransformation)
108
Q

What are types of descriptions for distributions?

A

normality
symmetry/skewness
kurtosis/heavy or light-tailed
modality/uni-, bi-, or multi-modal

109
Q

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative variables noting the relationship of nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio data to these terms?

A

I don’t know…gotta check!

110
Q

Explain the difference in proper use between a bar graph and a histogram

A

histograms measure frequencies of stats in sampling distributions, whereas boxplots represent actual statistics

111
Q

A(n) _______________ scale is a scale in which objects or
individuals are broken into categories that have no
numerical properties.

A

nominal

112
Q

A(n) _______________ scale is a scale in which the units of
measurement between the numbers on the scale are all
equal in size.

A

ordinal?

113
Q

Measures of ______________ are numbers intended to

characterize an entire distribution.

A

statistics

114
Q

The _______________ is the middle score in a distribution
after the scores have been arranged from highest to lowest
or lowest to highest

A

median

115
Q

When mean and median are the same, the distribution has

to be _______________.

A

normal?

116
Q

Measures of _______________ are numbers that indicate
how dispersed scores are around the mean of the
distribution.

A

standard deviation

117
Q

When we divide the squared deviation scores by N ‐ 1
rather than by N, we are using the _______________ of the
population standard deviation.

A

degrees of freedom

118
Q

s represents the _______________ standard deviation and σ

represents the _______________ standard deviation.

A

sample; population

119
Q

A distribution in which the peak is to the left of the center
point and the tail extends toward the right is a
______________ skewed distribution.

A

positively

120
Q

On average, _______________ statistic has the same value

as the population parameter.

A

sample?

121
Q

Letter grade on a test is to the _______________ scale of
measurement and height is to the _______________ scale of
measurement.
a. ordinal; ratio
b. ordinal; nominal
c. nominal; interval
d. interval; ratio

A

ordinal; ratio

122
Q

Weight is to the _______________ scale of measurement
and political affiliation is to the _______________ scale of
measurement.
a. ratio; ordinal
b. ratio; nominal
c. interval; nominal
d. ordinal; ratio

A

ratio; nominal

123
Q

Qualitative variable is to quantitative variable as ____ is to
_____.
a. categorical variable; numerical variable
b. numerical variable; categorical variable
c. bar graph; histogram
d. categorical variable and bar graph; numerical variable
and histogram

A

a?

124
Q

Inferential statistics allow us to infer something about the
_______________ based on the _______________.
a. sample; population
b. population; sample
c. sample; sample
d. population; population

A

population; sample

125
Q

Which of the following is not true?
a. All scores in the distribution are used in the calculation of
the range.
b. The average deviation is a more sophisticated measure of
variation than the range; however, it may not weight
extreme scores adequately.
c. The standard deviation is the most sophisticated measure
of variation because all scores in the distribution are used
and because it weights extreme scores adequately.
d. None of the other alternatives is false.

A

d?

126
Q

If the shape of a frequency distribution is lopsided, with a
long tail projecting longer to the left than to the right, how
would the distribution be skewed?
a. Normally
b. Negatively
c. Positively
d. Average

A

negatively

127
Q

Calculate the mean, median, and mode for the following

distribution: 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 11, 11

A 
mean = 6.25, median = 6.5,
mode = 11
128
Q

Calculate the range and standard deviation for the following distribution

A

range = 2 to 8?

standard deviation = square root of (sum of (datapoint - mean)squared /N-1)

129
Q

What is the symbol for standard deviation of the sample means (statistic)?

A

the o-symbol; I guess this is because it’s a made up number, therefore it is a made up symbol

130
Q

What is the symbol for standard deviation of the population means (parameter)?

A

the s-symbol; because it is a known number, therefore it is a known letter

131
Q

To create an APA table in SPSS, what area do I work in?

A

Table Look, organizing the cell formats into Times New Roman and 12 point black font, with left alignment except for the Column Labels which are centred, and the data lines which are tiered

132
Q

What border lines are specified in SPSS to make an APA-style table?

A
  • Top Inner Frame (thin single lines)
  • Bottom inner frame
  • Data area top - tables from data
  • Horizontal category border (columns)
    THE REST ARE WITHOUT A LINE

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