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Dats great > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Who proposed the scales of measurement?

A

S. Stevens in 1946, a Harvard psychologist

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2
Q

What are nominal scales?

A

how many …belong to each category (categorical)?

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3
Q

What are ordinal scales?

A

the sequence of categories has meaning (e.g. Grades)

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4
Q

What are interval scales?

A

an equal-interval but no true zero (e.g., temperature)

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5
Q

What are ratio scales?

A

an equal-interval with a true zero point

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6
Q

Why are scales of measurement important?

A

it determines the type of statistical analyses possible

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7
Q

What are the conditions of the scales of measurement?

A 
does it conform to the abstract number system?
does it include identity?
order?
equal distance?
an absolute zero?
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8
Q

What is a sampling distribution?

A

a frequency distribution (equivalently, a probability distribution) of a sample statistic

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9
Q

What is the distribution of sample means usually referred to as?

A

the sampling distributions of means, or the sampling distribution of the mean

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10
Q

What type of distribution is a sampling distribution of means?

A

a probability distribution

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11
Q

What type of frequency of distribution of means is obtained from an unlimited series of sampling experienments?

A

a relative frequency distribution of means

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12
Q

What does a sampling distribution of means consist of?

A

a sample of size n randomly selected from the population

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13
Q

In his favour slide, what determines the population of IQ scores in 10 year-olds?

A 
u = 100
o = 16
n = 64
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14
Q

Do we want the critical value of B to be high or low?

A

as low as possible to maximize the power and size of the alpha

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15
Q

power = ?

A

1 - B

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16
Q

What is power?

A

the odds of getting a significant result when the H0 is false

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17
Q

Do we want to maximize or minimize the distance between u0 and u1?

A

maximize to ensure a greater likelihood of significance/power

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18
Q

What is a preferred measurement of effect size in samples?

A

partial omega-squared because it is more accurate estimation of the population effect

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19
Q

When in doubt of effect sizes, choose…?

A

adjusted or partial (smaller df for higher power)

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20
Q

What is the standard normal distribution?

A

a mean of 0 and a SD of 1

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21
Q

How is a standard normal distribution normally designated as?

A 
N(0,1)
N = normal
0 = value of u
1 = value of o^2 
N(u,o^2)
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22
Q

What percentage of population are within 2 SD of the mean?

A

95%

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23
Q

What population are within 1` SD of the mean?

A

68%

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24
Q

T-distribution is normally distributed and mean of zero?

A

yes

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25
Q

general t-scores are normally distributed with a mean of zero?

A

nah. generally not normally distributed

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26
Q

The discrepancy between the t-distribution and the z-distribution gets worse when…

A

“n” gets smaller (central limit theorem)

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27
Q

The two degrees of freedom impact the shape of the F distribution

A

n - 1, with a indicating area of significance

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28
Q

What is a calculation of the chi-square distribution?

A

x^2 = sum of (O - E)^2/E

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29
Q

What does a chi-square distribution with df 1 look like?

A

infinity and then lowers to almost 0 in graph (positive-skew)

30
Q

What does a chi-square distribution with df 2 look like?

A

much lower than infinity and then lowers to almost 0 in graph (positive-skew)

31
Q

What does a chi-square distribution with df 4 look like?

A

nears zero, goes up a little and then down for a positive skew near 0 at 11

32
Q

What does a chi-square distribution with df = 8 look like?

A

nears zero, goes up a little until 7, and then down for a positive skew near 0 at 15

33
Q

When o is know, what type of test?

A

1-sample z-test (confidence intervals)

34
Q

When o is not known, what type of test if one sample?

A

one-sample t-test with CIs about the mean

35
Q

When o is not known, what type of test if independent subjects?

A

2 independent samples t-test with CIs about the DIFFERENCE between means

36
Q

When o is not known, what type of test if repeated subjects?

A

matched-pairs (2-dependent samples) t-test with CIs about the mean difference

37
Q

When we want to explore whether the effects of different treatments on the DV measure, we use for 2 means

A

a t-test with 1 predictor/IV

38
Q

When we want to explore whether the effects of different treatments on the DV measure, we use for 2+ means

A

an ANOVA with multiple IVs

39
Q

Why use ANOVA instead of t-tests?

A

can look at several independent variables and does NOT inflate the TYPE I error rate

40
Q

anova = SSTOTAL = SSTREATMENT + SSERROR, then

A

use a priori comparisons, otherwise posthoc tests

41
Q

df for 1-way anova?

A

between group = k - 1
within group = N - k
total = N - 1

42
Q

Using a priori comparisons, be sure that if a treatment isn’t used then

A

it isn’t used in further comparisons (diagonal of negative values for coefficients for treatments)

43
Q

2-way between subjects design:

A

SStotal = SStreatment (SSa + SSb + SSab) + SSerror

44
Q

2-way between subjects Summary table

A 
dfa = (a-1)
dfb = (b-1)
dfab = (a-1)(b-1)
dferror = ab(n-1) == note that degrees of freedom are only used for the subjects, not for the comparisons!
dftotal = N - 1
45
Q

The main effects should not be further examined when there is a significant interaction effect.

A

true

46
Q

the presence of a significant effect limits the sense of the _____ effects

A

main

47
Q

3-way ANOVA between-subjects summary table

A 
dfa = (a-1)
dfb = (b-1)
dfc = (c-1)
dfab = (a-1)(b-1)
dfac = (a-1)(c-1)
dfcb = (b-1)(c-1)
dfabc = (a-1)(b-1)(c-1)
dferror = abc(n-1)
dftotal = N - 1
48
Q

ANCOVA partitioning variance

A

SSTOTAL = SSTREATMENT + SSERROR (SSERROR + COVARIATE)

49
Q

What rows in SPSS output do I use to calculate ANCOVA?

A

Source IV1 (=name)
Source IV2 (=name)
Error (error)
Total (corrected total****)

50
Q

Repeated-measures ANOVA =

A

SStotal = SSbetween subjects + sswithin subjects (ssbetween treatment + sserror)

51
Q

repeated-measures summary table

A

df(between subjects) = n - 1
df(treatment) = k - 1
df(error) = (n-1)(k-1)
df(total) = n*k-1

52
Q

When doing a repeated-measures summary, what row has a F-value?

A

the treatment. nobody cares what the F is for between subjects…it is nearly always insignificant

53
Q

What is the relation in correlation?

A

usually assumed to be a straight line, indicating a linear correlation or regression

54
Q

What is a curved line in bivariate correlation?

A

a non-linear regression

55
Q

how are correlations detected by the eye?

A

usually by a scatterplot

56
Q

A way of predicting the value of one variable from another is

A

regression

57
Q

Regression is a ________ model of the relationship between two variables

A

hypothetical

58
Q

What type of model is a regression?

A

a linear one

59
Q

the relationship of a regression is determined using

A

the equation of a straight line

60
Q

What rae the two kinds of chi-square tests?

A

distribution shape and independence tests

61
Q

What are the distribution shape tests?

A

goodness of fit/one-way classification test and homogeneity test

62
Q

What are the independence tests?

A

contingency table tests (a*b tables)

63
Q

What aren’t independence tests?

A

association tests…the latter would be more of a goodness of fit test or a “two-way classification” test

64
Q

What do both types of chi-squre tests measure?

A

observed frequency of categories with an expected frequency of categories

65
Q

what are expected frequencies usually derived from?

A

the null hypothesis, although not always. they can be derived from different theories too

66
Q

What other condition should be met in spss summaries for dependent t-tests?

A

high correlation of paired-samples correlations

67
Q

What other condition should be met in spss summaries for independent t-tests?

A

Levene’s test should be passed which assumed the equal variance assumed, and that null hypothesis is passed

68
Q

What does the asterix to the right of the correlation indicates?

A

a statistically significant result at the 0.05 level, TWO-TAILED

69
Q

to test a hypothesis regarding the distribution of observations in the population, choose values from what hypothesis?

A

the null hypothesis, for the parameters in the pop model to find out the sampling distribution of a sample statisc would look like if the null hypothesis is true

70
Q

R-squared = ?

A

eta-squared

Dats great (26 decks)

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