Suidae/Tayassuidae Flashcards
Large tusks in suids are which kind of teeth?
Canines (F8)
All suids have a simple stomach except which spp?
Barbirusa - Larger with a large diverticulum lined by mucus glands for fermentation
Describe anatomy of peccaries stomach
Peccaries have a 4 chambered stomach (2 non-glandular, a non glandular gastric pouch, and a glandular hind stomach)
Which have a gall bladder? Pigs or peccaries?
Pigs have a gall bladder
Peccaries do not have a gallbladder
What group has a prominent scent gland on the dorsum cranial to the tail base?
Peccaries
What fiber source is more easily digested by all pigs and is recommended?
Hemicellulose
Suborder suiformes contains 2 families. What are they?
Suidae - pigs, hogs, babirussa
Tayassuidae - Peccaries, javelinas
Differ in dentition, tail length, hind limb anatomy, scent gland
What physiologic condition are suids prone to?
Hyperthermia
Malignant hyperthermia is only in domestic pigs - large, white breeds, autosomal recessive
Vascular access options in suids?
Venipuncture - Jugular, femoral, cephalic, saphenous, tail, auricular
Catheter - Cephalic, saphenous, auricular
Why do you need to use caution when tying the ET tube in in suids?
Obligate nasal breathers
Which drug should not be used in suids alone due to rigidity and rough recoveries?
Which drug has been associated with prolonged and violent recoveries?
Ketamine
Telazol
Which suit species are especially sensitive to oipioids - muscle tremors often seen, resp depression?
Babirussa
What is the preferred anesthetic protocol in captive suids? Almost entirely reversible.
Medetomidine, butorphanol, midazolam
What anesthetic can trigger malignant hyperthermia?
Inhalant anesthesia
Why are suids and tayassuids prone to hyperthermia?
Cannot sweat
Etiologic agent of necrotizing enteritis in collared and white-lipped peccaries, death within 24h?
Clostridium perfringens
Feral swine are a source of which dz to captive red river hogs in FL?
Brucellosis
Which species have smaller uteri than other suids leading to smaller litters?
Warthogs and babirusas
This group is the only true multiparous group of artiodactylids
Suids/tayassuids
Piglets are born with horizontal stripes except which three species?
Babirusas, Phacochoerus, Hylocheorus
What type of placenta in suids?
Diffuse, epitheliochorial placentation (neonates depend on nursing for transfer of material IGs
Congenital abnormalities, which species?
Duplication of the pelvis and rear extremeties
Cyclopia and limb deformities
Chacoan peccaries - duplication of pelvis
Collared peccaries - cyclopia
What renal disease is reported in peccaries, presumed to be acquired rather than genetic
Polycystic kidney disease
What disease is associated with prolonged estrogen stimulation in suids?
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
Which suid spp are prone to trichobezoar? Risk factors?
Adult captive collared peccaries
Most are incidental
Risk factors - Low fiber diet, excessive grooming due to stress
What type of virus is african swine fever?
Transmission?
Clinical signs?
What species are natural hosts?
Which species are susceptible to infection without clinical signs?
Which spp are highly susceptible?
Which samples to collect for PCR/IFA?
DNA, arbovirus (family asfaviridae)
● African swine fever
o OIE listed, notifiable systemic disease in domestic pigs
o up to 100% morbidity and mortality in naive populations
o DNA arbovirus (family Asfaviridae)
o endemic in most of sub-Saharan Africa and Sardinia
o transmission: direct contact, fomites, feces, ingestion of contaminated feed, ticks of genus Ornithodorus
o Warthogs, bushpigs, and Ornithodorus ticks are natural hosts
▪ Warthogs susceptible to infection but do not develop clinical signs of disease
▪ majority infected at 1-2 wks and develop viremia
o sylvatic cycle
o Peccaries not susceptible
o Eurasian wild boar highly susceptible to acute disease similar to domestic pigs
o signs - lethargy, depression, anorexia, diarrhea, respiratory distress, and high fever; less commonly, epistaxis and neurological signs
o Lesions - acute hemorrhagic lymphadenitis, hemorrhagic gastritis, pulmonary edema, splenomegaly, petechiae, and ecchymoses
o Domestic pigs - concurrent thrombocytopenia and leukopenia
o proinflammatory cytokines, rather than direct viral damage, associated with clinical signs and activation of endothelial cells causing activation of clotting cascade and lymphocyte apoptosis
o immune complex disease in chronic cases
o DDX – classical swine fever
o Diagnosis - PCR for p72 gene, immunofluorescent antigen detection in tissue smears
o Sample collection - tonsil, lymph node, kidney, spleen, blood
What type of virus is suid herpesvirus 1?
What spp are reservoir hosts?
Transmission?
Affects which age class more commonly and severely?
Hallmark signs in domestic pigs?
Alphaherpesvirus
Aka Aujeszky’s dz, pseudorabies
● Suid herpesvirus 1 (SuHV1)
o Alphaherpesvirus
o causative agent of Aujeszky’s disease or pseudorabies
o OIE listed and notifiable
o eradicated from domestic pigs in North America, New Zealand, and some countries in Europe
o wild boars are reservoir hosts
o Oral, nasal, and venereal shedding and vertical transmission
▪ higher viral DNA loads in genital swabs
o young domestic piglets (<7 days) highly susceptible
o primary replication occurs in nasal and oropharyngeal mucosa with viral latency within ganglia
o lesions more common and severe in juvenile boars (4–18 months) than adults
o neurologic signs more common in younger boars
o gross lesions - lymphadenomegaly and meningeal congestion
o histo - nonsuppurative encephalitis with neuronal necrosis, lymphoplasmacytic perivascular cuffs and edema
o intranuclear inclusions
o In adult domestic pigs, respiratory signs are hallmark
▪ Not documented in natural infection in wild boars
Porcine circovirus 2 - What are the two genotypes?
What age class generally affected?
● Porcine circoviruses (PCV)
o two genotypes
▪ PCV1 - nonpathogenic
▪ PCV2 - causes post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)
o PCV2
▪ seroprevalence in European wild boars is high suggesting virus is endemic
▪ young (4–10 m) generally affected
▪ lesions - emaciation with adipose and skeletal muscle atrophy, lymphoid depletion with sinus histiocytosis in lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches, lymphoplasmacytic interstitial pneumonia, and mild erosive enterocolitis associated with mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates
▪ basophilic, botryoid intracytoplasmic and less common intranuclear inclusions present within macrophages
▪ diagnosis – IHC in macrophages, lymphatic endothelial cells, and GALT
● PCR also available but less reliable
▪ Copathogens possible
What virus has been associated with cutaneous fibropapillomas in wild boar?
Sus scrofa papillomavirus 2 (SsPV2)
What type of virus is classical swine fever?
What spp is susceptible?
Transmission?
Clinical signs assoc with acute infection?
Control measures in wild pigs?
Pestivirus (family flaviviridae)
● Classical Swine Fever (CSF) aka hog cholera
o enveloped RNA virus
o Pestivirus (family Flaviviridae)
o OIE notifiable
o Suidae are natural hosts
o causes major economic losses
o wild boars susceptible
o transmission: direct contact between infected animals and indirectly by contact with contaminated food, feces and carcasses
o pathogenesis - cytopathic effects on lymphoreticular cells and macrophages, vascular endothelium, epithelial cells
▪ enters mucous membranes 🡪 replicates in tonsillar epithelium 🡪 spreads to cervical lymph nodes
o Acute infections cause hemorrhagic fever
▪ anorexia, lethargy, fever, and leukopenia
▪ lesions – hemorrhages in periphery of lymph nodes and renal petechiae
▪ bushpig lesions - necrotizing and ulcerative enteritis, suppurative rhinitis, pneumonia
▪ histo - lymphoid necrosis and depletion
o subacute, chronic and subclinical forms also, depending on virulence and immune response
o control in wild pigs - reduction of population densities, intensive diagnostics, and good hygiene practice during hunting season
o vaccine is available
NOTE - Cannot differentiate ASF vs CSF based on renal petechiae (similar gross presentation)
What disease has been associated with encephalitis in collared peccaries?
CS - Blindnesss, myoclonus, intracytoplasmic eosinophilc inclusions within neurons
Canine distemper virus (morbillivirus)
Severe, highly contagious dz of cloven-hoofed spp including suids, cutaneous and mucosal vesicles with ulceration
What is the most common clinical sign in suids?
Food and Mouth Dz
Lameness due to vesicles and ulceration along coronary band between claws
What lymph nodes are most commonly affected with mycobacteriosis in wild boar?
Head LN, particularly the mandibular, were most frequently and consistently affected
Which biovar of brucella suis causes dz outbreaks in European wild boars?
B. suis biovar 2
Erysipelothrix rhusopathiae can persist in what organs of healthy pigs?
Tonsils, bone marrow, intestine
What is the etiologic agent of swine dysentery?
Brachyspira hyodisenteriae
Hemolytic
Mucohemorrhagic diarrhea
What is the etiologic agent of enzootic pneumonia of swine?
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
What is the most prevalent spp of chlamydophila in suids?
Chlamydophila psittaci
What is the etiologic agent of porcine polyserositis and arthritis syndrome (Glasser’s dz)?
Haemophilus parasuis
Fibrinosuppurative inflammation of joints, pneumonia, meningoencephalitis
Resp distress and weakness in wild suids
What bacterial pathogen of suids causes sepsis, meningitis, polyarthritis, bronchopneumonia and endocarditis and is a zoonotic concern for hunters?
Streptococcus suis
What 2 spp of trypanosomiasis cause severe dz in suids?
T. suis
T. simiae
Discuss effects of medetomidine, butorphanol, ketamine, telazol combo in warthogs.
Hewlett, Jennie, et al. “Evaluation of a partially reversible immobilization protocol using medetomidine, butorphanol, zolazepam–tiletamine, and ketamine in free-ranging warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) in kruger national park, south africa.” Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 51.1 (2020): 80-87.
Rapid induction
Safe, effective
No difference in vitals
Fast recovery
Hypercapnea, hypoxemia, acidemia improved over time
Most at sx plane of ax
2 hyperthermic
What was the most common surgical diagnosis for client-owned pigs with GI dz?
Ludwig, E. K., & Byron, C. R. (2017). Evaluation of the reasons for and outcomes of gastrointestinal tract surgery in pet pigs: 11 cases (2004–2015). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 251(6), 714-721.
Fruit pits most commonly caused GI obstruction, most in the jejunum
Good prognosis for surgery but adhesions within 1-7 days
Decrease adhesions with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose IP before tissue handling
Calcium carbonate urolithiasis in Visayan warty pigs was assoc with?
Chatterton, J., Unwin, S., Lopez, J., & Chantrey, J. (2017). Urolithiasis in a group of visayan warty pigs (sus cebifrons negrinus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 48(3), 842-850.
Decreased water intake, high Ca in diet, UTIs
Treated with increasing water, replacement of high Ca lucerne hay with grass hay. Also Hills s/d to acidify alkaline urine. Tube cystotomy in one pig.
What suid spp had a high seropositivity for African swine fever and Mycobacteria bovis in South Africa?
What spp is the natural reservoir for ASFV?
ANTIBODY PREVALENCE TO AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS, MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS, FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS, RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS, INFLUENZA A VIRUS, AND BRUCELLA AND LEPTOSPIRA SPP. IN FREE-RANGING WARTHOG (PHACOCHOERUS AFRICANUS) POPULATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA
Neiffer D, Hewlett J, Buss P, Rossouw L, Hausler G, deKlerk-Lorist LM, Roos E, Olea-Popelka F, Lubisi B, Heath L, Miller M.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 2021 Jan 6;57(1):60-70.
Warthogs had a high seropositivity for African swine fever, Mycobacterium bovis
Low seroprevalence for FMD and influenza A
Warthogs are the natural reservoir for AFSV
Conclusions: Warthogs are the natural host for African Swine Fever Virus, and high antibodies to Mycobacterium bovis are common.
What spp showed Ab in blood, nasal swab, oral swab, and genital swab that were also positive for PCR of pseudorabies in FL?
EVIDENCE OF PSEUDORABIES VIRUS SHEDDING IN FERAL SWINE (SUS SCROFA) POPULATIONS OF FLORIDA, USA
Hernández FA, Sayler KA, Bounds C, Milleson MP, Carr AN, Wisely SM.
Journal of wildlife diseases. 2018 Jan;54(1):45-53.
Background:
Feral swine= Most common exotic, invasive ungulates
Pseudorabies is a suid alphaherpesvirus 1 (aka Aujeszky;s disease virus)
High fatality rate when spills over into non-suids
Like other herpesvirus, life long latent infection
Lives in environment 1-2 weeks
Results:
51% of feral swine were positive for pseudorabies virus antibodies
Antibodies in all sample types (blood, nasal swab, oral swab, genital swab) = active shedding
Wild hogs capable of shedding virus to environment or other animals
No effect on age or sex.
Prevalence of PrV is similar to that of animals in Spain
Viral shedding via qPCR in all sample types (blood, nasal swab, oral swab, genital swab) = active shedding
Conclusions: Wild boar can actively shed pseudorabies.
Discuss the prevalence of M. tuberculosis in feral swine in the USA?
What spp are endemic hosts for M. tuberculosis in the US?
Limited antibody evidence of exposure to Mycobacterium bovis in feral swine (Sus scrofa) in the USA.
Pedersen K, Miller RS, Anderson TD, Pabilonia KL, Lewis JR, Mihalco RL, Gortázar C, Gidlewski T.
Journal of wildlife diseases. 2017 Jan;53(1):30-6.
Very low, feral swine not a reservoir for M. tuberculosis in the US.
Endemic hosts = WTD, rocky mountain elk, american bison
Feral pigs and peccaries in Columbia were seropositive for what diseases?
Which two lepto were the most common?
SEROLOGIC SURVEY FOR SELECTED VIRAL AND BACTERIAL SWINE PATHOGENS IN COLOMBIAN COLLARED PECCARIES (PECARI TAJACU) AND FERAL PIGS (SUS SCROFA)
Montenegro OL, Roncancio N, Soler-Tovar D, Cortés-Duque J, Contreras-Herrera J, Sabogal S, Acevedo LD, Navas-Suárez PE.
Journal of wildlife diseases. 2018 Oct;54(4):700-7.
Leptospira spp. antibodies in all Columbian swine
Bratislava and icterohaemorrhagiae were most common
Seropositive for vesicular stomatitis virus, porcine circovirus-2, and classical swine fever virus
No antibodies for Aukesky’s disease or Brucella
Conclusions: Feral pigs and peccaries in Columbia have antibodies to lepto, VSV, CSFV, PCV-2.
The majority of rabies infections in humans in Brazil are from what species?
Teider-Junior, Pedro Irineu, et al. “Exposure of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) To the Common Vampire Bat and Lack of Immune Protection To Rabies Virus In Brazilian Hunters.” The Journal of Wildlife Diseases 57.3 (2021): 561-568.
11% wild boars had Ab for rabies exposure, 88% hunters had no titers.
Risk factors for boars: Inside the park and those in natural areas higher risk.
90% rabies in humans in Brazil from vampire bats.
Hunter exposure to boars may be at risk for rabies in Brazil.
