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Phase 1 Medicine (Extra) > SUGER > Flashcards

SUGER Flashcards

1
Q

Briefly describe the mechanism of a skin flare-up.

A

Allergens penetrate the skin, where they are met by lymphocytes which release chemicals that induce inflammation.

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2
Q

Briefly describe the formation of acne.

A

Corneodesmosomes block the entrance to hair follicles.
Increased production of sebum.
Sebum trapped in narrow hair follicle.
Sebum stagnates at the pit of the follicle.
No oxygen at the pit = anaerobic conditions.
Bacteria can multiply in stagnant sebum.
Bacteria breakdown triglycerides in sebum into free fatty acids resulting in irritation, inflammation, and attraction of neutrophils.
Pus formation & further inflammation.

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3
Q

What is a renal corpuscle?

A

The whole unit of the glomerular tuft and Bowman’s capsule.

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4
Q

Which cells in the renal collecting ducts secrete acid?

A

Alpha intercalated cells

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5
Q

Which cells in the renal collecting ducts secrete bicarbonate?

A

Beta intercalated cells

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6
Q

What is the total renal blood flow rate?

A

1L/min

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7
Q

What is the total urine flow rate?

A

1ml/min

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8
Q

What percentage of nephrons project into the medulla?

A

15%

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9
Q

What is the surface area for glomerular filtration?

A

1m2

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10
Q

Which protein is normally found in the urine and why?

A

Tamm Horsfall Protein

It is produced by the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

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11
Q

What determines Kf (the filtration coefficient)?

A

Permeability of the filtration barrier.

Surface area available for filtration.

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12
Q

What is the equation used for working out the filtration fraction?

A

Filtration fraction = GFR/Renal plasma flow

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13
Q

What is the renal plasma flow per minute?

A

600ml/min

(Blood flow is 1L/min but only 60% is plasma).

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14
Q

How does the clearance compare to the GFR if a substance is freely filtered, not secreted, and not reabsorbed?

A

It is equal

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15
Q

What is the equation used to work out renal clearance?

A

Clearance = (urine concentration x urine volume)/plasma concentration

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16
Q

What substance is released by macula densa cells in response to a decrease in Na+ concentration?

A

Prostaglandins

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17
Q

How is water reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Passively by osmosis

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18
Q

How is the reabsorption of ions driven in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

By the basolateral Na+/K+ ATPase

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19
Q

How are amino acids reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Cotransport with Na+

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20
Q

How is Cl- absorbed in the proximal tubule?

A

It follows sodium through leaky tight junctions.

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21
Q

How is NaCl reabsorbed in the loop of Henle?

A

Simple diffusion in the thin ascending limb.

Actively transported in the thick ascending limb.

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22
Q

How do the vasa recta maintain the medullary osmolarity?

A

Descending part reabsorbs salts and gives out water.

Ascending part reabsorbs water and gives out salt.

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23
Q

Is the distal convoluted tubule permeable or impermeable to water?

A

Impermeable

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24
Q

How does atrial natriuretic peptide decrease sodium reabsorption from the nephron?

A

Blocks ENaC channels in the collecting duct.
Dilates afferent arteriole - increased GFR.
Inhibits aldosterone secretion.

25
Q

Describe the relationship between K+ and aldosterone.

A

Aldosterone stimulates K+ secretion.

Increased K+ in the ECF stimulates aldosterone release.

26
Q

What is the anion gap?

A

The difference between measured cations and measured anions.

27
Q

Where do the urinary phosphate and ammonium buffers have their action?

A

Proximal tubule

28
Q

What is the innervation of the adrenal glands?

A

Splanchnic nerves

29
Q

Which enzyme is present in the adrenal gland that is required to make aldosterone?

A

Aldosterone synthase

30
Q

Which hormone produced by the adrenal glands will not be affected by a problem with the hypothalamus or pituitary gland?

A

Aldosterone (not stimulated by ACTH).

31
Q

Define ‘stress’ in terms of when it stimulates cortisol release.

A

A real or perceived threat to homeostasis.

32
Q

What is normal catecholamine synthesis dependent on?

A

High local cortisol levels

33
Q

Does the adrenal medulla produce more adrenaline or more noradrenaline?

A

Adrenaline

34
Q

What is the rhabdosphincter also known as?

A

The external urethral sphincter

35
Q

Briefly describe the bladder stretch reflex.

A

Bladder walls stretch.
Sensory afferent nerves transmit stretch to spinal cord.
Interneurons relay signals to parasympathetic efferents (pelvic nerve).
Detrusor muscle contraction = micturition.

36
Q

What are the spinal roots of the hypogastric nerve?

A

T12-L2

37
Q

How does the bladder hold urine under low pressure?

A

Receptive relaxation

38
Q

Between which vertebral levels does the thyroid gland lie?

A

C5-T1

39
Q

When in embryonic life goes the thyroid gland first appear, and when does it begin producing thyroxine?

A

First appearance = 3-4 weeks

Thyroxine production = 18-20 weeks

40
Q

What is the name of the portal circulation which connects the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

41
Q

What inhibits the release of growth hormone?

A

Somatostatin

42
Q

What receptors do hypothalamic and pituitary hormones act on?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

43
Q

Why is C peptide released when insulin is released?

A

Proinsulin is cleaved from C peptide to form insulin, but C peptide remains in the secretory granules with insulin.

44
Q

What are the short-term mechanisms of glucose homeostasis?

A

Glycogenesis/glycogenolysis

45
Q

What are the long-term mechanisms of glucose homeostasis?

A

Lipogenesis/gluconeogenesis

46
Q

What are the two major incretins?

A

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

47
Q

What is produced from testosterone which influences the development of the male external genitalia?

A

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

48
Q

Which surface of the testis is covered by the tunica vaginalis?

A

Anterior surface

49
Q

What is the difference between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis?

A

Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm production.

Spermiogenesis is the maturation of spermatids to spermatozoa.

50
Q

What cells surround the primordial germ cells in the ovary?

A

Stromal cells

51
Q

What are three differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

A
  1. Spermatogenesis produces 4 spermatozoa but oogenesis only produces 1 ovum.
  2. Both divisions of spermatogenesis occur in the testes, whereas in oogenesis one division occurs in the ovary and one in the fallopian tube.
  3. Spermatogenesis is a continuous process but oogenesis is a disjointed process.
52
Q

Which enzyme converts androgens to oestrogens?

A

Aromatase

53
Q

Describe progesterone secretion at the start of the menstrual cycle.

A

Very small amounts are released.

54
Q

How does oestrogen affect cervical mucous?

A

Makes it clear and watery.

55
Q

How does progesterone affect cervical mucous?

A

Makes it thick and sticky.

56
Q

Which cells produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

A

Trophoblast cells

57
Q

What is the role of relaxin?

A

Limits uterine activity, softens the cervix, and is involved in cervical ripening.

58
Q

What is cervical ripening?

A

Growth and remodelling of the cervix of the cervix prior to labour.

59
Q

What is the role of prostaglandins in pregnancy?

A

Initiation of labour

enhances the actions of oxytocin

Phase 1 Medicine (Extra) (7 decks)

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