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Phase 1 Medicine (Extra) > CVS > Flashcards

CVS Flashcards

1
Q

How much blood does an average adult have?

A

5 litres

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2
Q

What is the haematocrit?

A

The volume of blood that is composed of red blood cells.

Normally about 0.45.

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3
Q

What is the life span of a red blood cell?

A

120 days

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4
Q

What is the life span of a platelet?

A

7-10 days

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5
Q

What bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, ribs, spine, pelvis, and long bones.

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6
Q

What stimulates red blood cells to be made?

A

Erythropoietin (hormone made in the kidney)

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7
Q

What stimulates white blood cells to be made?

A

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)

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8
Q

What stimulates platelets to be made?

A

Thrombopoietin (Tpo)

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9
Q

What is an immature red blood cell known as?

A

A reticulocyte

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10
Q

What type of antibodies are the anti-A and anti-B antibodies?

A

anti-erythrocyte antibodies (natural antibodies)

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11
Q

What is the term used to describe a higher than normal haemoglobin level in the blood?

A

Polycthaemia

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12
Q

Briefly describe iron deficiency anaemia.

A

Lack of iron results in the reduced proportion of small red cells.

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13
Q

Briefly describe macrocytic anaemia.

A

Abnormally large red blood cells are released which are immature (red cells shrink as they mature).
These cells have low levels of haemoglobin.
Occurs due to B12/folate deficiency.

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14
Q

Briefly describe pernicious anaemia.

A

Autoimmune disease causes antibodies to be produced against gastric parietal cells.
Less intrinsic factor released.
Less B12 absorption.
Less DNA synthesis and cell division.

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15
Q

Define haemolysis.

A

Normal or increased cell production but decreased life span.

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16
Q

What is acute myeloblastic anaemia?

A

Proliferation of the precursor myeloblasts.

Primarily affects adults.

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17
Q

What is acute lymphocytic anaemia?

A

Proliferation of the lymphoblast precursor cells.

Primarily affects children.

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18
Q

What is high grade lymphoma?

A

Lymphocytes in lymph nodes becoming malignant.

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19
Q

What terms are used to describe high and low levels of platelets?

A 
High = thrombocytosis
Low = thrombocytopenia
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20
Q

Which clotting factors are vitamin K dependent?

A

II, VII, IX, and X

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21
Q

What type of protein are coagulation factors?

A

Enzymes

22
Q

What is the main role of clotting factors?

A

Converts soluble fibrinogen to an insoluble fibrin polymer.

23
Q

Define haemostasis.

A

The arrest of bleeding, involving the physiological processes of blood coagulation and the contraction of damaged blood vessels.

24
Q

What is tissue factor?

A

Molecule present on every cell except endothelial cells which activates platelets.
When endothelium is breached proteins come into contact with tissue factor and are activated.

25
Q

What is the role of thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

A

It is the key enzyme that all the other reactions are aiming to generate.
It cleaves fibrinogen creating fibrin polymerisation.

26
Q

Briefly describe disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

A

Simultaneous bleeding and microvascular thrombosis.

27
Q

What causes a damage blood vessel to immediately constrict?

A

endothelin-1

28
Q

Which receptor on the surface of a platelet does Von Willebrand factor bind to?

A

Glycoprotein 1b

29
Q

Which receptors on the platelet does thrombin bind to?

A

PAR1 and PAR4

30
Q

Which platelet granules contain fibrinogen?

A

alpha granules

31
Q

What causes a damaged blood vessel to constrict after platelet activation?

A

Thromboxane A2

32
Q

Which two molecules does a healthy endothelium secrete which prevents the platelet plug expanding to an undamaged area?

A 
Prostacyclin (vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregatin)
Nitric oxide (Vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet adhesion, activation, & aggregation)
33
Q

What is the role of blood clotting?

A

Occurs locally around the platelet plug to support and reinforce it.

34
Q

What is the difference between the extrinsic and intrinsic clotting pathways?

A

Extrinsic - a cellular element outside the blood is needed

Intrinsic - everything necessary is within the blood

35
Q

What causes the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Calcium ions that have entered the cell and travelled down the T tubules bind to ryanodine receptors on the sarcoplasmic reticulum and cause calcium release.

36
Q

How are calcium ions removed from the cardiac myocyte to end muscle contraction?

A

By active Ca++ pumps in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcolemma.
By Na+/Ca++ countertransporters in the sarcolemma (transport Na+ into the cell and Ca++ out of the cell).

37
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

When the heart is on the right side of the chest instead of the left.

38
Q

If the veins are dilated what happens to the preload?

A

It decreases

39
Q

If the arteries are dilated what happens to the afterload?

A

It decreases

40
Q

What is intrinsic autoregulation?

A

The arterioles either vasoconstrict or vasodilate in response to changes in resistance with the aim of maintaining constant blood flow.

41
Q

Describe myogenic autoregulation.

A

Increased blood flow results in stretched vascular smooth muscle and the muscle automatically constricts.
When smooth muscle isn’t stretched as much (low blood pressure) the muscle relaxes and dilates.

42
Q

What is the main goal of central control of circulation?

A

Maintain mean systemic arterial pressure.

43
Q

What is the main goal of autoregulatory control of circulation?

A

Maintain constant blood flow to tissues.

44
Q

What is the pressor region?

A

Region in the medulla responsible for raising blood pressure.
It is sympathetic.

45
Q

How does the pressor region work?

A

Increases vasoconstriction.
Increases cardiac output (by increasing heart rate and stroke volume).
Increases contractility.

46
Q

What is the depressor region?

A

Region in the medulla responsible for lowering blood pressure.
It is parasympathetic.

47
Q

How does the depressor region work?

A

Inhibits the pressor region.

48
Q

Where are the cardiopulmonary baroreceptors located?

A

Located in the atria, ventricles, and pulmonary artery.

49
Q

What effects do the cardiopulmonary baroreceptors have?

A

When stimulated by high blood pressure:
Inhibit the pressor region (vasodilation).
Inhibit renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (fluid loss).
Inhibit ADH (fluid loss).

50
Q

How can adrenaline act as both a vasoconstrictor and vasodilator?

A

It can act on different receptors.

51
Q

Why is the pressure in the right side of a foetal heart greater than the pressure in the left?

A

The lungs and pulmonary circulation are non-functioning, so there is high pulmonary vascular resistance.

Phase 1 Medicine (Extra) (7 decks)

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