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Phase 1 Medicine (Extra) > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Give the meaning of the term ‘ventral’ in the cerebrum.

A

Inferior

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2
Q

Give the meaning of the term ‘dorsal’ in the cerebrum.

A

Superior

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3
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus formed of?

A

Putamen and globus pallidus

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4
Q

Which cranial nerves develop from neural crest cells?

A

V, VII, IX, X

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5
Q

What is meant by ‘tonic’?

A

Continuous

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6
Q

What structures stain with luxor fast blue?

A

Myelin

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7
Q

What structures stain with cresol violet?

A

Nissl (RER)

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8
Q

What are the main components of myelin?

A

Lipid (70%)

Protein (30%)

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9
Q

What is the soma of a neurone?

A

Cell body

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10
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A
  • Regulate composition of extracellular fluid
  • Stimulate the formation of tight junctions to form the blood brain barrier
  • Help form the blood brain barrier
  • Provide metabolic support to neurons
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11
Q

What are radial and muller glia?

A

Radial glia are crucial in guiding developing neurons.
Muller glia are radial glia of the retina.

  • These are both types of astrocytes.
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12
Q

What are bergmann glia?

A

Astrocytes found in the cerebellum.

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13
Q

What are some important features of the blood brain barrier?

A 
Endothelial tight junctions
Astrocytic end feet
Pericytes
Continuous basement membrane
Requires specific transporters for substances
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14
Q

What are the parts of the brain called which lack a blood brain barrier?
Give an example of one.

A

Circumventricular organs

Posterior pituitary

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15
Q

How do the ventricles communicate with the subarachnoid space?

A

Via cisterns

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16
Q

How does the subarachnoid space communicate with dural venous sinuses?

A

Arachnoid granulations (villi)

17
Q

What is the typical resting potential of a neurone?

A

-70mv

18
Q

What three ways can a neurotransmitter be inactivated?

A
  • Diffusion away from the synapse
  • Active reuptake by the presynaptic neuron
  • Enzyme hydrolysis
19
Q

What is the difference between adrenaline and noradrenaline?

A

Noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter

Adrenaline is a hormone

20
Q

What is ACh made from?

A

Choline and acetyl-CoA

21
Q

What is the difference between nicotinic and muscarinic ACh receptors?

A 
Nicotinic = ion channel
Muscarinic = G-protein coupled receptor
22
Q

What is the role of serotonin?

A

Has an excitatory effect on pathways that mediate sensations.

23
Q

What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

24
Q

What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

25
Q

What type of joint is between the bones of the ossicular chain?

A

Synovial joints

26
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by hair cells of the organ of Corti?

A

Glutamate

27
Q

Describe the auditory pathway.

A

Spiral ganglion > cochlear nucleus > superior olivary nucleus > inferior colliculus (inferior brachium) > medial geniculate body > internal capsule > primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

28
Q

What is the cupula?

A

The mass containing the hair cells in the ampulla of the semicircular canals.

29
Q

Describe nystagmus.

A

Slow phase towards damaged/stimulated side.

Rapid reset away from damaged/stimulated side.

30
Q

Name the otolithic organs.

A

Utricle & Saccule

31
Q

Which structure in the eye produces aqueous humour?

A

Ciliary body

32
Q

Which structure in the eye produces vitreous humour?

A

Retina

33
Q

Which area of the retina gives the best visual acuity?

A

Fovea centralis, which is surrounded by the macula lutea.

34
Q

What are the three layers of the tear film?

A

Anterior lipid layer
Middle aqueous layer
Posterior mucous layer

35
Q

Which cortex of the brain is located above and below the calcarine sulcus?

A

Primary visual cortex

Phase 1 Medicine (Extra) (7 decks)

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