SUGER

Question 1

Where does the inguinal canal start and end?

Answer 1

It extends from the deep inguinal ring (aperture in transversalis fascia) to the superficial ring (aperture in external oblique aponeurosis).

Question 2

What does the inguinal canal convey in males?

Answer 2

The spermatic cord.

Question 3

What does the inguinal canal convey in females?

Answer 3

Round ligament of the uterus.

Question 4

What does the inguinal canal convey in both males and females?

Answer 4

The ilio-inguinal nerve.

Question 5

Where does the inguinal ligament extend from and go to?

Answer 5

Inguinal ligament runs from pubic tubercle to anterior superior iliac spine.

Question 6

What makes up the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?

Answer 6

Formed by aponeurosis of external oblique, and reinforced by internal oblique muscle laterally.

Question 7

What makes up the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?

Answer 7

Formed by transversalis fascia.

Question 8

What makes up the roof of the inguinal canal?

Answer 8

Transversalis fascia, internal oblique and transversus abdominis.

Question 9

What makes up the floor of the inguinal canal?

Answer 9

Formed by inguinal ligament and thickened medially by lacunar ligament.

Question 10

What is the definition of a hernia?

Answer 10

The protrusion of an organ or fascia through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it.

Question 11

What’s an indirect inguinal hernia?

Answer 11

Where the peritoneal sac enters the inguinal canal through the deep inguinal ring.

Question 12

What’s a direct inguinal hernia?

Answer 12

Where the peritoneal sac enters the inguinal canal through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal.

Question 13

Name 5 components of the spermatic cord.

Answer 13

1. Testicular artery. 2. Vas deferens. 3. Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve. 4. Pampiniform plexus of testicular veins. 5. Lymph vessels. (Some more: Cremasteric artery and vein, artery to vas deferens, processus vaginalis, autonomic nerves.

Question 14

What is the main function of the kidney?

Answer 14

To filter and excrete waste products from the blood. Also responsible for water and electrolyte balance in the body.

Question 15

At what vertebra level are the kidneys located?

Answer 15

Left kidney = T11-L2, right kidney = T12-L3 (slightly lower due to presence of liver).

Question 16

Name the two main layers of the renal parenchyma.

Answer 16

Outer cortex and inner medulla.

Question 17

What is the apex of a renal pyramid called?

Answer 17

Renal papilla.

Question 18

What does the renal papilla empty urine into?

Answer 18

Minor calyx.

Question 19

List the 4 functions of the kidney.

Answer 19

Excrete metabolic waste (urea, creatinine), maintains internal environment (water conc., inorganic ion composition (Na+, K+, H+), acid-base balance, fluid balance), secretes hormones (erythropoeitin and renin secretion, Vit. D synthesis), gluconeogenesis.

Question 20

What are the main functions of the glomerulus?

Answer 20

Ultrafiltration of plasma, barrier to filtration of protein.

Question 21

What is GFR?

Answer 21

Glomerular filtration rate. Volume of fluid filtered from renal glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule per unit time.

Question 22

What are the factors affecting GFR?

Answer 22

Favouring filtration: Glomerular capillary blood pressure (Pgc). Opposing filtration: Fluid pressure in Bowman’s space (Pbs), osmotic force due to protein in plasma (πgc).
Net glomerular filtration pressure = Pgc - Pbs - πgc.