SUGER Flashcards
Where does the inguinal canal start and end?
It extends from the deep inguinal ring (aperture in transversalis fascia) to the superficial ring (aperture in external oblique aponeurosis).
What does the inguinal canal convey in males?
The spermatic cord.
What does the inguinal canal convey in females?
Round ligament of the uterus.
What does the inguinal canal convey in both males and females?
The ilio-inguinal nerve.
Where does the inguinal ligament extend from and go to?
Inguinal ligament runs from pubic tubercle to anterior superior iliac spine.
What makes up the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?
Formed by aponeurosis of external oblique, and reinforced by internal oblique muscle laterally.
What makes up the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?
Formed by transversalis fascia.
What makes up the roof of the inguinal canal?
Transversalis fascia, internal oblique and transversus abdominis.
What makes up the floor of the inguinal canal?
Formed by inguinal ligament and thickened medially by lacunar ligament.
What is the definition of a hernia?
The protrusion of an organ or fascia through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it.
What’s an indirect inguinal hernia?
Where the peritoneal sac enters the inguinal canal through the deep inguinal ring.
What’s a direct inguinal hernia?
Where the peritoneal sac enters the inguinal canal through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal.
Name 5 components of the spermatic cord.
- Testicular artery. 2. Vas deferens. 3. Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve. 4. Pampiniform plexus of testicular veins. 5. Lymph vessels. (Some more: Cremasteric artery and vein, artery to vas deferens, processus vaginalis, autonomic nerves.
What is the main function of the kidney?
To filter and excrete waste products from the blood. Also responsible for water and electrolyte balance in the body.
At what vertebra level are the kidneys located?
Left kidney = T11-L2, right kidney = T12-L3 (slightly lower due to presence of liver).
Name the two main layers of the renal parenchyma.
Outer cortex and inner medulla.
What is the apex of a renal pyramid called?
Renal papilla.
What does the renal papilla empty urine into?
Minor calyx.
List the 4 functions of the kidney.
Excrete metabolic waste (urea, creatinine), maintains internal environment (water conc., inorganic ion composition (Na+, K+, H+), acid-base balance, fluid balance), secretes hormones (erythropoeitin and renin secretion, Vit. D synthesis), gluconeogenesis.
What are the main functions of the glomerulus?
Ultrafiltration of plasma, barrier to filtration of protein.
What is GFR?
Glomerular filtration rate. Volume of fluid filtered from renal glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule per unit time.
What are the factors affecting GFR?
Favouring filtration: Glomerular capillary blood pressure (Pgc). Opposing filtration: Fluid pressure in Bowman’s space (Pbs), osmotic force due to protein in plasma (πgc).
Net glomerular filtration pressure = Pgc - Pbs - πgc.
