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Medicine Phase 1 HH > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three meninges from superficial to deep.

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.

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2
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

A

Outer endosteal and inner meningeal.

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3
Q

What is the arachnoid mater made of?

A

Loose connective tissue - collagen, elastin and reticulin linked together with tight junctions.

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4
Q

Where is the CSF produced?

A

Produced from arterial blood by the choroid plexuses of the lateral and fourth ventricles.

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5
Q

Where is the CSF reabsorbed?

A

Arachnoid villi.

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6
Q

Give three functions if the blood-brain barrier.

A
  1. Maintains constant intracerebral chemical environment. 2. Controls entry of cells and molecules.
  2. Protects against osmotic change.
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7
Q

How is the blood-brain barrier adapted to its function?

A
  1. Tight junctions in endothelium. 2. Basement membrane. 3. Astrocyte foot processes & pericytes
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8
Q

What are the anterior and middle cerebral arteries branches of?

A

The internal carotid arteries.

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9
Q

What do the posterior cerebral arteries branch off?

A

The basilar artery, which is formed from the joining of the two vertebral arteries.

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10
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

The medial frontal, parietal and temporal lobes (sensory and motor cortices of lower limbs).

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11
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

The lateral frontal, parietal and temporal lobes (sensory and motor cortices of everything except legs) and the macular tracts.

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12
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

The occipital lobe (visual cortex) and inferomedial temporal lobe.

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13
Q

What is the function of the Circle of Willis?

A

Preserves cerebral circulation if one of the arteries supplying it is blocked/narrowed.

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14
Q

What is the most common type of intracranial aneurysm?

A

Berry aneurysm.

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15
Q

Where does the Berry aneurysm most commonly form?

A

At the junction of the anterior cerebral artery and the anterior communicating artery in the circle of Willis.

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16
Q

What structures run through the cavernous sinuses?

A

Carotid artery, CN III, IV, VI and VII.

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17
Q

Where is the CSF - brain barrier?

A

Choroid plexus, 3rd, 4th and lateral ventricles.

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18
Q

Where do cranial nerves I & II arise from?

A

The cerebrum.

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19
Q

Where do cranial nerves III - XII arise from?

A

The brainstem.

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20
Q

What are the three branches of CN V (trigeminal nerve)?

A

V1: Opthalmic nerve. V2: Maxillary nerve. V3: Mandibular nerve.

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21
Q

What are thee 5 main branches of the facial nerve?

A

Temporal branch, zygomatic branch, buccal branch, marginal mandibular branch, cervical branch.

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22
Q

Where does CN I exit the skull?

A

Cribiform plate.

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23
Q

Where does CN II exit the skull?

A

Optic canal.

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24
Q

Where does CN III exit the skull?

A

Superior orbital fissure.

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25
Q

Where does CN IV exit the skull?

A

Superior orbital fissure.

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26
Q

Where do the 3 branches of CN V exit the skull?

A

V1: Superior orbital fissure. V2: Forament rotundum. V3: Foramen ovale.

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27
Q

Where does CN VI exit the skull?

A

Superior orbital fissure.

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28
Q

Where does CN VII exit the skull?

A

Internal acoustic meatus.

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29
Q

Where does CN VIII exit the skull?

A

Internal acoustic meatus.

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30
Q

Where does CN IX exit the skull?

A

Jugular foramen.

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31
Q

Where does CN X exit the skull?

A

Jugular foramen.

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32
Q

Where does CN XI exit the skull?

A

Jugular foramen.

33
Q

Where does CN XII exit the skull?

A

Hypoglossal canal.

34
Q

How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebra are there?

A

Cervical: 7, Thoracic: 12, Lumbar: 5, Sacral: 5, Coccygeal: 4. 33 vertebra overall.

35
Q

How many foramina do the cervical vertebra have?

A

1 vertebral and 2 transverse

36
Q

Which vertebra does the spinal cord end at?

A

L1/L2

37
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

The tapering end of the spinal cord.

38
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

The fibrous strand extending from the conus medullaris.

39
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Nerves from the lower part of the cord, lumbar and sacral nerves, hanging obliquely downwards.

40
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Mainly cell bodies.

41
Q

What is white matter?

A

Mainly myelinated axon tracts (myelin is what makes it white).

42
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Produce myelin for peripheral neurons.

43
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelinate CNS.

44
Q

What are the functions of the dorsal column?

A

Send proprioception, vibration, and 2 point discrimination from spine to medulla (ascending).

45
Q

What is the dorsal column made up of?

A

Gracile and cuneate fasciculi.

46
Q

Where does the gracile fasciculi carry information from?

A

The lower limbs. The gracile fasciculi are the medial tracts of the dorsal column.

47
Q

Where does the cuneate fasciculi carry information from?

A

The upper limbs. The cuneate fasciculi are the lateral tracts of the dorsal columns.

48
Q

What happens to the gracile and cuneate fasciculi in the medulla?

A

They decussate and form the medial lemniscus, travelling to the thalamus and then the cortex.

49
Q

What information does the anterior spinothalamic tract convey?

A

The spinothalamic tract is an ascending pathway. The anterior spinothalamic tract conveys information on crude touch.

50
Q

What information does the lateral spinothalamic tract convey?

A

The spinothalamic tract is an ascending pathway. The lateral spinothalamic tract conveys information on pain and temperature.

51
Q

What is the function of the corticospinal tract?

A

Control of voluntary muscles.

52
Q

What kind of pathway is the corticospinal tract?

A

Descending.

53
Q

What kind of pathway is spinothalamic tract?

A

Ascending.

54
Q

Describe the pathway of the corticospinal tract.

A

Starts in the cerebral cortex and terminates in spinal cord. Lateral tract (bigger) decussates in the medullary pyramids and anterior tract (smaller) decussates at the level the spinal nerve exits (in the anterior white commissure of the cord). Muscles are therefore controlled by the contralateral hemisphere of the brain.

55
Q

What are the two types of memory?

A

Working memory (prefrontal cortex) and long-term memory.

56
Q

What can the long term memory be divided into?

A

Explicit and implicit memory.

57
Q

What can the explicit memory be further divided into?

A

Episodic (memory of autobiographical events - the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place) and semantic (ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience, eg, names of colours, sounds of letters etc).

58
Q

What can the implicit memory be further divided into?

A

Skills/habits (in cerebellum and basal ganglia), conditioned reflexes, emotional (amygdala).

59
Q

What are the three layers that the embryo’s inner cells mass develops into following fertilisation?

A

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm.

60
Q

The ectoderm thickens in the midline to form what?

A

The neural plate.

61
Q

The neural groove forms in the ectoderm, deepens and detaches to form what?

A

The neural tube.

62
Q

What do neural crest cells differentiate into?

A

Most of the peripheral nervous system.

63
Q

What does the hollow centre of the neural tube form?

A

The central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain.

64
Q

Name the 3 divisions of the brain (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain).

A

Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon.

65
Q

What does the mesencephalon divide into?

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon.

66
Q

What does the telencephalon develop into?

A

Cerebrum.

67
Q

What does the diencephalon develop into?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus (and ‘eye cup’).

68
Q

What does the mesencephalon develop into?

A

Midbrain (colliculi).

69
Q

What does the rhombencephalon divide into?

A

Metencephalon and myelencephalon.

70
Q

What does the metencephalon develop into?

A

Cerebellum and pons.

71
Q

What does the myelencephalon develop into?

A

Medulla oblongata.

72
Q

What is nociceptive pain?

A

Injury to tissues, somatic or visceral.

73
Q

What is neuropathic pain?

A

Damaged, dysfunctional nerves, spinal cord or brain.

74
Q

How do anaesthetics work?

A

Reversibly eliminate all sensation and stabilise membranesmembranes.

75
Q

How do analgesics work?

A

Selectively suppress pain without affecting consciousness or other sensations. Centrally acting - decreased perception of pain, locally acting - decreased production of chemicals.

76
Q

What are C fibres?

A

Type of nociceptor. Small, unmyelinated, slow. Mechano-, thermo-, chemo- sensitive. Detects diffusing, dull, burning pain.

77
Q

What are A delta fibres?

A

Type of nociceptor. Large, myelinated fibres, fast, mechanosensitive. Localised, sharp, stinging pain.

78
Q

What and where is periaqueuctal grey?

A

Grey matter located around cerebral aqueduct. Neurons bear opioid receptors. When activated it inhibits the release of substance P. Stimulus of periaqueductal grey can result in immediate and profound analgesia.

79
Q

What is substance P?

A

Neuropeptide. Present in spinal cord and brain. Binds to neurokinin 1 receptors. Transmit pain to CNS.

Medicine Phase 1 HH (7 decks)

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