Respiratory

Question 1

Name 4 functions of the facial sinuses.

Answer 1

1. Lighten the weight of head
2. Humidify/heat inhaled air
3. Speech resonance
4. Facial trauma protection

Question 2

Name the facial sinuses.

Answer 2

Frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, anterior ethmoid, middle ethmoid, posterior ethmoid.

Question 3

Name the lobes of the lungs, and the fissures that separate them.

Answer 3

Right lung: superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior lobe (horizontal fissure separates sup. and middle lobes, oblique fissure separates inf. lobe from other two). Left lung: superior and inferior lobes, separated by the oblique fissure.

Question 4

What are the 3 unpaired/single cartilages in the larynx?

Answer 4

Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis.

Question 5

What are the 3 paired/double cartilages in the larynx?

Answer 5

Arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages.

Question 6

Where is the thyroid gland situated?

Answer 6

In the anterior triangle of the neck, between the sternocleidomastoid muscles.

Question 7

What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid muscles?

Answer 7

They turn the head and protrude the neck forwards.

Question 8

What is the blood supply of the thyroid gland?

Answer 8

Superior thyroid artery from the external carotid, inferior thyroid artery from the subclavian, superior/middle thyroid veins going to the internal jugular, and the inferior thyroid vein going to the brachiocephalic vein.

Question 9

Where is the isthmus of the thyroid located?

Answer 9

3rd tracheal ring.

Question 10

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 10

Superiorly: the inferior border of the mandible. Laterally: the medial border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Medially: Sagittal plane down the midline of the body.

Question 11

How many suprahyoid muscles are there (in anterior triangle)?

Answer 11

4 (stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid).

Question 12

How many infrahyoid muscles are there (in anterior triangle)?

Answer 12

4 (omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid and sternothyroid).

Question 13

Which large artery passes through the anterior triangle and what does it bifurcate into?

Answer 13

Common carotid, bifurcates into internal and external carotid arteries.

Question 14

Where does the superior laryngeal nerve bifurcate and what does it split into?

Answer 14

At the tip of the hyoid bone. Bifurcates into internal and external branches of the superior laryngeal nerve.

Question 15

What does the external superior laryngeal nerve supply?

Answer 15

Cricothyroid muscle.

Question 16

What does the internal superior laryngeal nerve supply?

Answer 16

Sensation to laryngopharynx.

Question 17

Where does the upper respiratory tract start and end?

Answer 17

Nose -> Larynx.

Question 18

What is the nasopharynx innervated by?

Answer 18

CN V2

Question 19

What is the oropharynx innervated by and what does it contain?

Answer 19

CN IX, contains palatine tonsils.

Question 20

What is the laryngopharynx innervated by?

Answer 20

CN X.

Question 21

What does the carotid sheath contain?

Answer 21

Internal jugular vein (lateral), common carotid and internal carotid artery (medial, vagus nerve (posterior), deep cervical lymph nodes.

Question 22

What is the carotid sheath made of?

Answer 22

Fibrous connective tissue.

Question 23

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply?

Answer 23

All laryngeal muscles EXCEPT cricothyroid. It lies in the groove between the oesophagus and the trachea.

Question 24

Where is the hiatus in the diaphragm for the inferior vena cava?

Answer 24

T8.

Question 25

Where is the hiatus in the diaphragm for the oesophagus?

Answer 25

T10.

Question 26

Where is aortic hiatus in the diaphragm?

Answer 26

T12.

Question 27

Where does the lower respiratory tract start and end, and which sections of it are the conducting and respiratory zones? What is its function?

Answer 27

Trachea -> alveoli. Conducting zone: trachea to beginning of respiratory bronchioles. Respiratory zone: From respiratory bronchioles to alveoli. Main functon: Gas exchange.

Question 28

If a peanut was inhaled, which bronchus would it most likely go down and why?

Answer 28

The right main bronchus as it is wider, shorter and more vertical. The left bronchus is more horizontal.

Question 29

Where is the carina?

Answer 29

At the bottom of the trachea, between the left and right main bronchi.

Question 30

What passes through the hilum of the lung?

Answer 30

Anterior to psoterior: 2 pulmonary veins, pulmonary artery, bronchus (also: bronchial arteries and veins, pulmonary nerve plexuses, lymphatics etc).