Respiratory Flashcards
Name 4 functions of the facial sinuses.
- Lighten the weight of head
- Humidify/heat inhaled air
- Speech resonance
- Facial trauma protection
Name the facial sinuses.
Frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, anterior ethmoid, middle ethmoid, posterior ethmoid.
Name the lobes of the lungs, and the fissures that separate them.
Right lung: superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior lobe (horizontal fissure separates sup. and middle lobes, oblique fissure separates inf. lobe from other two). Left lung: superior and inferior lobes, separated by the oblique fissure.
What are the 3 unpaired/single cartilages in the larynx?
Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis.
What are the 3 paired/double cartilages in the larynx?
Arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages.
Where is the thyroid gland situated?
In the anterior triangle of the neck, between the sternocleidomastoid muscles.
What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid muscles?
They turn the head and protrude the neck forwards.
What is the blood supply of the thyroid gland?
Superior thyroid artery from the external carotid, inferior thyroid artery from the subclavian, superior/middle thyroid veins going to the internal jugular, and the inferior thyroid vein going to the brachiocephalic vein.
Where is the isthmus of the thyroid located?
3rd tracheal ring.
What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Superiorly: the inferior border of the mandible. Laterally: the medial border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Medially: Sagittal plane down the midline of the body.
How many suprahyoid muscles are there (in anterior triangle)?
4 (stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid).
How many infrahyoid muscles are there (in anterior triangle)?
4 (omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid and sternothyroid).
Which large artery passes through the anterior triangle and what does it bifurcate into?
Common carotid, bifurcates into internal and external carotid arteries.
Where does the superior laryngeal nerve bifurcate and what does it split into?
At the tip of the hyoid bone. Bifurcates into internal and external branches of the superior laryngeal nerve.
What does the external superior laryngeal nerve supply?
Cricothyroid muscle.
What does the internal superior laryngeal nerve supply?
Sensation to laryngopharynx.
Where does the upper respiratory tract start and end?
Nose -> Larynx.
What is the nasopharynx innervated by?
CN V2
What is the oropharynx innervated by and what does it contain?
CN IX, contains palatine tonsils.
What is the laryngopharynx innervated by?
CN X.
What does the carotid sheath contain?
Internal jugular vein (lateral), common carotid and internal carotid artery (medial, vagus nerve (posterior), deep cervical lymph nodes.
What is the carotid sheath made of?
Fibrous connective tissue.
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply?
All laryngeal muscles EXCEPT cricothyroid. It lies in the groove between the oesophagus and the trachea.
Where is the hiatus in the diaphragm for the inferior vena cava?
T8.
Where is the hiatus in the diaphragm for the oesophagus?
T10.
Where is aortic hiatus in the diaphragm?
T12.
Where does the lower respiratory tract start and end, and which sections of it are the conducting and respiratory zones? What is its function?
Trachea -> alveoli. Conducting zone: trachea to beginning of respiratory bronchioles. Respiratory zone: From respiratory bronchioles to alveoli. Main functon: Gas exchange.
If a peanut was inhaled, which bronchus would it most likely go down and why?
The right main bronchus as it is wider, shorter and more vertical. The left bronchus is more horizontal.
Where is the carina?
At the bottom of the trachea, between the left and right main bronchi.
What passes through the hilum of the lung?
Anterior to psoterior: 2 pulmonary veins, pulmonary artery, bronchus (also: bronchial arteries and veins, pulmonary nerve plexuses, lymphatics etc).
