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Medicine - Lizzy > SUGER > Flashcards

SUGER Flashcards

1
Q

What structures contribute to the basement membrane of the renal glomerulus?

A

podocytes and endothelial cells

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2
Q

A 46-year-old man has type 1 diabetes mellitus which has resulted in renal damage. What has likely happened to his glomerular basement membranes?

A

they will have become thickened

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3
Q

Which of the limbs of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water?

A

ascending limbs of the loop of Henle are impermeable to water (unless acted on by ADH)

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4
Q

What are the thick limbs of the loop of Henle lined by?

A

columnar epithelium

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5
Q

Are the descending limbs of the loop of Henle permeable to water or not?

A

they are highly water permeable

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6
Q

What causes diabetes insipidus and how does it?

A

absence of ADH
prevents distal tubule and collecting ducts from reabsorbing water and concentrating the urine - patients produce large amounts of dilute urine

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7
Q

Which part of the kidney is particularly responsive to aldosterone?

A

cells of distal tubule and collecting ducts are the most sesitive to aldosterone - it promotes the reabsorption of Na+ and water, concentrating urine

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8
Q

Which structures are lined by urothelium?

A

bladder, prostatic urethra, renal pelvis, ureter (there may be more)

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9
Q

What lines the urethral meatus?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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10
Q

What are the divisions of the male urethra?

A

prostatic, membranous, bulbous and pendulous parts

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11
Q

What is the urethra mainly lined by?

A

pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

except at its distal/penile end

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12
Q

What is urothelium?

A

pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

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13
Q

Where do Cowper’s glands drain into?

A

the penile urethra

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14
Q

Where do the seminal vesicles and prostate drain into?

A

the prostatic urethra

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15
Q

What do Bartholin’s glands secrete?

A

mucus to lubricate the vagina

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16
Q

What is the epididymis lined by?

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

17
Q

What is the function of sertoli cells?

A

they line the seminiferous tubules, they nurture the developing spermatogonia and also have a phagocytotic function.
Form blood:testis barrier

18
Q

Where are leydig cells found and what do they secrete?

A

leydig cells lie in the interstitium between the seminiferous tubules and secrete testosterone

19
Q

What type of muscle does the prostate contain?

A

smooth muscle

20
Q

What do prostate secretions contain?

A

acid phosphatase

21
Q

What are the 3 erectile compartments composed of and surrounded by?

A

composed of large blood vessels supported by a meshwork of connective tissue fibres
each compartment is surrounded by a layer of collagen known as tunica albuginea

22
Q

Why do the helicine branches of the pudendal artey transmit very little blood when in the flaccid state?

A

due to the presence of arterio-vennous shunts

23
Q

what is most of the penis covered by?

A 
hairy skin
(except the foreskin and the glands penis - non-keratinised epithelium)
24
Q

What does the external genitalia of the female consist of?

A

mons pubis, labia major and minor and clitoris

25
Q

What is the vagina lined by?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

thinly keratinised at vulval end

26
Q

How can you examine epithelial squames of the vagina?

A

vaginal smear

27
Q

What is the outer surface of the cervix lined by?

A

stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium (identical to vagina)

28
Q

What happens to the stroma of the cervix during childbirth?

A

softens and the canal widens to become part of the birth canal

29
Q

What happens to the cervical mucus during the menstrual cycle?

A

mucus is thin and watery during the first half of the menstrual cycle but becomes viscous after ovulation and during pregnancy

30
Q

What happens to the cells of the myometrium during pregnancy?

A

increase in number (hyperplasia) and become enlarged (hypertrophy)

31
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

progesterone

32
Q

What are thecal lutein cells?

A

a small proportion of cells, in the centre of the corpus, that continue to secrete oestrogen

33
Q

What is the commonest site of fertilisation?

A

fallopian tube

34
Q

What is the commonest site of ectopic pregnancy?

A

fallopian tube

35
Q

What happens to the myometrium during pregnancy?

A

it is hormone sensitive, enlarges during pregnancy due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Medicine - Lizzy (6 decks)

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