sugars Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the structure of heparin

A

oligosaccharide

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2
Q

what is heparin?

A

anticoagulant

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3
Q

give examples of monomers

A

glucose
fructose
galactose
mannose

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4
Q

how can you modify sugars?

A

replace the OH group with an amine, phosphate or sulphate

remove the OH group

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5
Q

give an example of a sugar phosphate and how its made

A

glucose 6-phosphate

phosphorylation of glucose using ATP

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6
Q

name some sulphated sugars

A

chondroitin sulfate
heparan sulfate
dermatan sulfate

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7
Q

what enzyme makes sulphated sugars?

A

sulpho-transferase

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8
Q

what is the role of sulphated sugars?

A

ECM - negative so they can hold water

lubricants and shock absorbers

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9
Q

what catalyses the formation of a glycosidic bond?

A

glycosyl transferase

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10
Q

what enzymes are used to break glycosidic bonds?

A

hydrolases

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11
Q

describe the structure of glycogen

A

alpha glucose
main chain is a-1,4
side chains are a-1,6

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12
Q

what is the role of glycogen

A

energy store in liver and muscles

broken down by glycogen phosphorylase

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13
Q

name disaccharides and what they’re made up of?

A
  • Maltose (Glc-Glc)
  • Sucrose (Glc-Fru)
  • Lactose (Gal-Glc)
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14
Q

what bond is in disaccharides?

A

glycosidic bond

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15
Q

what are oligosaccharides?

A

3-10 monosaccharides

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16
Q

what are blood group antigens?

A

oligosaccharides

17
Q

what are enantiomers?

A

Pair of isomers that are (non-superimposable) mirror images

18
Q

what is the D and L form of enantiomers?

A
  • D-form: OH group attached to the right of the asymmetric carbon
  • L-form: OH groups attached to the left of the asymmetric carbon
19
Q

can D glucose be digested?

A

yes

20
Q

what is L glucose used for?

A

laxative

used in no calorie foods

21
Q

what are the 2 stereoisomers of glucose and which is more stable?

A

alpha and beta

beta is more stable

22
Q

how does glucose form a ring structure?

A

OH on C5 reacts with the aldehyde/ketone group

23
Q

how can sugars be modified?

A
OH group replaced with
• Amine (NH2) = amino sugars
• Sulphate (SO4) = sulphated sugars
• Phosphate (PO4) = phosphorylated sugars
• Removal of OH = deoxy sugar
24
Q

what enzyme makes sulphated sugars?

A

sulpho-transferase

25
Q

how are sugar sulfates used?

A

as GAGs in the ECM e.g.
chondroitin sulphate
Heparan sulphate
Dermatan sulphate

also as lubricant or shock absorber
give structure to connective tissue

26
Q

what type of reaction is the formation of a glycosidic bond?

A

dehydration/condensation

27
Q

what catalyses the formation of glycosidic bonds?

A

glycosyl transferase

28
Q

what will the glycosyl enzyme differ according to?

A

D or L form
alpha or beta anomer
location of OH group
type of bond

29
Q

what is the breakdown of a glycosidic bond?

A

hydrolysis

30
Q

what enzymes carry out hydrolysis?

A

hydrolases

31
Q

what is glycogen?

A

polymer of glucose

32
Q

describe the structure of glycogen?

A

main chain has glycosidic bonds - alpha 1,4

side chains have beta 1,6 chains

33
Q

describe the structure of amylose?

A

straight chain with alpha 1,4 links

34
Q

what is the subunit of glycogen?

A

alpha glucose

35
Q

what is the subunit of cellulose?

A

beta glucose

36
Q

what is the subunit of starch?

A

alpha glucose

37
Q

does cellulose have branches?

A

no