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cell biology > cells and tissues 2 > Flashcards

cells and tissues 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the layers of the basement membrane?

A 
lamina lucida (top)
lamina densa (bottom)
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2
Q

what is laminin?

A

protein of the basal lamina

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3
Q

explain the cause of Marfin’s syndrome

A

connective tissue disorder

elastin normally polymerises into fibrils and fibrillin coats it which limits how far it can stretch

in marfan’s, the fibrillin is misfolded so allows body parts to stretch abnormally - elastin cant recoil

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4
Q

what type of collagen is the basement membrane?

A

collagen type 4

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5
Q

name a disease caused by the mutation of laminin

A

junctional epidermolysis bullosa

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6
Q

explain the cause of junctional epidermolysis bullosa and how it presents

A

laminin is mutated
skin v fragile
blisters form in the lamina lucida

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7
Q

what are the types of epithelial junctions?

A 
tight
gap
adherens
hemidesmosomes
desmosomes
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8
Q

what do tight junctions do?

A

prevent passage of molecules across the epithelium

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9
Q

what do adherens do?

A

tether adjacent cells together

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10
Q

what do desmosomes do?

A

resist mechanical stress

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11
Q

what do gap junctions do?

A

allow small passage of molecules through

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12
Q

what do hemidesmosomes do?

A

anchor epithelium to basal lamina

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13
Q

where are lots of desmosomes found?

A

in the heart

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14
Q

what do mutations of demosomes generally cause?

A

diseases of the skin and heart (impaired cardiac function)

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15
Q

what causes pemphigus vulgaris?

A

immune system attacks desmosomal proteins using autoantibodies causing epidermal blisters

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16
Q

what causes Staph. scalded skin syndrome?

A

when bacterial proteins are aimed at the desmosomal cadherins causing epidermal blisters

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17
Q

what causes Naxos disease and how is it presented?

A

genetic disease - mutation of desmoplakin

causes skin blisters, cardiomyopathy and wooly/curly hair

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18
Q

what is the function of non-motile cilia?

A

sensory antennae on all cells

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19
Q

what is the function of motile cilia?

A

to move things along

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20
Q

name some diseases of the cilia?

A

Bardet-Biedl syndrome
Polycystic kidney disease - abnormal primary cilia function
Ectopic pregnancy - lack of cilia in the fallopian tube

21
Q

name the structures needed in cell movement and what they look like

A

pseudopodia - cytoplasmic projections
lamelliopodia - ruffles (cell migration)
filopodia - spikes (sense environment)

22
Q

what does Escherichia coli target?

A

intestinal microvilli and junction

23
Q

what does infection of Escherichia coli cause?

A

malabsorption

osmotic diarrhoea

24
Q

what is the reticular lamina?

A

where the basement membrane attaches to the ECM protein

25
Q

what is laminin?

A

protein of the basal lamina

26
Q

what is connecitve tissue?

A

tissue that lies between 2 other tissues

27
Q

what are the types of connective tissue?

A 
loose
dense
bone and cartilag
adipose
blood
28
Q

what are the cells that make connective tissue?

A 
fibroblast
adipocyte
chondroblasts
osteoblasts
haemopoietic cells
29
Q

what are the functions of ECM?

A 
determines the function of the tissue
has a role in;
o	Cell migration
o	Shape of the cell
o	Cell proliferation
o	Survival
o	Tissue development
30
Q

what are the main macromolecules of the ECM?

A

GAGs and fibrous proteins

31
Q

what are the main fibrous proteins in the ECM?

A

collagen
elastin
fibronectin

32
Q

where are proteoglycans assembled?

A

ER and golgi

33
Q

how do proteoglycans get to the ECM?

A

secretory vesicles

34
Q

how do GAGs and proteoglycans resist compressive forces?

A

by binding water and forming hydrated gels

35
Q

what is the advantage of hydrated gels?

A

resist compressive forces

permit rapid diffusion of nutrients, hormones and metabolites through them

36
Q

give examples of sulfated GAGs

A

o Chondroitin sulfate
o Heparin sulfate
o Dermatan sulfate

37
Q

what is hyaluronic acid used in?

A

wound healing
cell migration
growth
joints

38
Q

what are proteoglycans?

A

protein core with GAGs attached

39
Q

give examples of proteoglycans?

A

biglycan
aggrecan
syndecan

40
Q

how does collagen form fibrils?

A

collagen filaments polymerise to form fibrils

41
Q

what is Ehlers Danlos syndrome?

A

small collagen fibres which don’t come together so the skin can be pulled away – not held to the skin tightly. If it’s pulled too hard it would shear and tear.

42
Q

what can fibronectin bind to?

A

cells via integrins

ECM via collagen

43
Q

what are the roles of fibronectin?

A

cell attachment
matrix organisation
cell migration
development and wound healing

44
Q

what does the basement membrane separate?

A

epithelium and underlying connective tissue

45
Q

what is the basement membrane made of?

A

collagen type 4, laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan and entactin

46
Q

what are the roles of the basement membrane?

A

support
anchoring
filter
signalling

47
Q

what happens to the basement membrane in cancer?

A

basement membrane breaks down so the cancer can metastasise

48
Q

what do the toxins of Escherichia coli cause?

A 
o	Destroy:
	Intestinal microvilli
	Intestinal junctions
o	Inhibit:
	Water reabsorption

cell biology (17 decks)

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