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cell biology > cell and tissue structure > Flashcards

cell and tissue structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the two types of chromatin?

A

euchromatin

heterochromatin

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2
Q

what is euchromatin?

A

loosely packed DNA

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3
Q

what is heterochromatin?

A

densely-packed DNA

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4
Q

what happens in the nucleolus?

A

ribosomal RNA transcription

ribosome assembly

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5
Q

what is the function of the RER

A

makes proteins

transports them to the Golgi

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6
Q

what does the Golgi do?

A

synthesis, packing, transportation and modification of the proteins from the RER

breaks down any misfolded proteins

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7
Q

what are the main secretory pathways in a cell?

A

endocytosis
exocytosis
secretory vesicles
lysosomes

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8
Q

what is the constitutive secretory pathway?

A

not regulated

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9
Q

what is the regulated secretory pathway?

A

when the secretion of hormones and growth factors is controlled by signals

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10
Q

where are lysosomes made?

A

Golgi

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11
Q

what do lysosomes contain?

A

digestive enzymes

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12
Q

what are the roles of lysosomes?

A

defence against disease

autolysis

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13
Q

what is Tay Sachs disease?

A

failure of the lysosomes to break down lipids
cells become full of lipids and become dysfunctional
impacts tissue, then organ and then the health of the child

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14
Q

what do peroxisomes do?

A

metabolise fatty acids and lipids

play a role in detoxification

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15
Q

what is Zellwegers syndrome?

A

failure of peroxisomes to form so accumulate high levels of fatty acids

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16
Q

in what cells are there lots of peroxisomes?

A

liver cells to metabolise alcohol

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17
Q

what are cristae?

A

the folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

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18
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A

helps the cell maintain their shape and internal structure

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19
Q

what is the cytoskeleton made up of?

A

microfilaments/actin filaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules

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20
Q

name disease of the mitochondria

A

myopathies

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21
Q

what are the functions of actin microfilaments?

A

cell shape
organelle and vesicle transport
cell movement - cytokinesis
muscle movements

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22
Q

what are the functions of intermediate filaments?

A

tensile strength

structural integrity

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23
Q

what are the functions of microtubules?

A 
cell scaffold
organelle and vesicle transport
mitotic spindle fibres
form cilia and flagella
drug targets
24
Q

what is the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

phospholipid bilayer with transporters

25
Q

what is immunocytochemistry?

A

science of using antibodies and chemical stains on individual cells.

26
Q

what is immunohistochemistry?

A

process of detecting antigens in cells of a tissue section

27
Q

what is chromatin?

A

DNA complexed with protein

28
Q

what is an advantage of chromatin?

A

cell can package long strands of DNA tightly within a cell

29
Q

what membrane does the nucleus have?

A

double membrane

30
Q

what are nuclear pores?

A

holes in the double membrane which allow things to move in and out of the nucleus.

31
Q

what is the function of the double membrane?

A

restricts substances coming in and out of the cell

32
Q

what is the nucleolus?

A

site of ribosomal RNA transcription and ribosome assembly

33
Q

where are ribosomes made then transported?

A

made in the nucleus then transported into the ER

34
Q

how can you differentiate between heterochromatin and euchromatin?

A

heterochromatin is much darker on an EM

35
Q

what are key proteins in the nuclear membrane?

A

laminin and emerin

36
Q

name 2 laminopathies?

A

Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome

37
Q

what is muscular dystrophy?

A

mutations in the skeletal and cardiac muscle which then affect function

38
Q

what is hutchinson gilford progeria syndrome?

A

premature ageing

39
Q

what does the RER do?

A

makes membranes + organelle proteins – basically all proteins secreted by cell
sorts proteins out and transports them to the Golgi apparatus

40
Q

whats the difference between RER and SER?

A

RER has proteins on its surface

41
Q

what do ribosomes do?

A

protein synthesis

translate nuclear mRNA –> proteins

42
Q

what is the main modification of the ER?

A

glycosylation

43
Q

after proteins are made in the RER where do they go?

A

Golgi

44
Q

what are the 3 main roles of SER?

A

synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids
major storage site of calcium
needed in detoxifixation - contains enzymes needed to detoxify absorbed drugs and toxins

45
Q

what structure is commonly found in the kidneys and liver?

A

SER - needed for detoxification

46
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

process by which cells absorb molecules often recycles back to cell membrane e.g. growth factor receptors

47
Q

what do lysosomes contain?

A

digestive enzymes

48
Q

where are lysosomes made?

A

Golgi apparatus

49
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

pieces of Golgi membrane which bud off and contain enzymes

50
Q

what are the major roles of lysosomes?

A

o Defence against disease
o Autophagy - Clean-up of organelles
o Autolysis after cell death – destruction of cells or tissues by their own enzymes

51
Q

what do peroxisomes detoxify?

A

o Free radicals from normal metabolic processes
o Hydrogen peroxide
o Alcohol

52
Q

where are peroxisomes found?

A

liver and kidneys

53
Q

describe the structure of mitochondri

A

double membrane
inner layer folded into cristae which increases their surface area
contains mitochondrial DNA

54
Q

what are diseases of actin?

A

Genetic diseases e.g. gamma actin – congenital deafness

Muscle actins – cardiomyopathies, skeletal myopathies

55
Q

what are diseases of the intermediate filaments?

A

keratin mutations in congenital epidermal blistering diseases e.g. epidermalysis bullosa, laminopathies

56
Q

what are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

o Anchors cytoskeleton
o Selective diffusion, transport, cell signalling, cell adhesion
o Interaction with extracellular membrane
o Separate internal from external environment
o Site of interaction with external environment
o Regulates entry and exit

cell biology (17 decks)

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