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Biochemistry > Sugar transport, metabolism, and glycolysis > Flashcards

Sugar transport, metabolism, and glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

which starch is branched and soluble?

A

amylopectin

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2
Q

which starch is not branched and insoluble?

A

amylose

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3
Q

what general enzyme breaks down starch?

A

alpha-amylase

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4
Q

how does alpha-amylase act as an endoglycosidase?

A

it cleave polysaccharide chains between residues that are not the terminal residue, so it breaks internal bonds

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5
Q

which bond specifically dose alpha-amylase break?

A

1-4-alpha glycosidic bonds

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6
Q

what kind of carbohydrates does alpha-amylase mainly produce?

A

di- and trisaccharides

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7
Q

what two places does alpha-amylase reside in the body?

A

made by pancreas, also appears in saliva

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8
Q

what enzyme complex breaks down di- and trisaccharides?

A

sucrase-isomaltase complex

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9
Q

how many enzymatic activities does the sucrase-isomaltase complex have and what are they?

A

3 - 1-4-alpha, 1-6-alpha, and alpha-1-beta-2 glycosidic bonds

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10
Q

what is the end product made by the sucrase isomaltase complex?

A

monosaccharides, mostly fructose and glucose

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11
Q

where in the body does the sucrase-isomaltase complex mostly reside?

A

in the intestinal brush-border membrane

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12
Q

describe an alpha sugar

A

a sugar that has the -OH group and the -CH2OH group on opposite sides of the ring

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13
Q

describe a beta sugar

A

a sugar that has both the -OH group and the -CH2OH group on the same side of the ring

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14
Q

fructose + glucose = ?

A

sucrose

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15
Q

what breaks down sucrose?

A

sucrase

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16
Q

matlose = ___ + ____

A

glucose + glucose

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17
Q

what breaks down maltose

A

maltase

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18
Q

describe a non-reducing sugar

A

has both anomeric carbons bonded to the same O, has a formation of C-O-C-O-C-O-C

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19
Q

describe a reducing sugar

A

one anomeric carbon is bonded to the O joining the 2 sugars, but not the other, forms C-O-C-O-C-C

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20
Q

what process happens to form an inverted sugar

A

a hydrolysis reaction or degradation by invertase where the optical rotation changes from + to -

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21
Q

what kind of bond does lactase break?

A

the beta-glycosidic bonds in lactose

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22
Q

what are the components that lactose are broken down into by lactase?

A

glucose and galactose

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23
Q

what kind of bond does trehalase break?

A

an alpha-1-alpha-1 glycosidic bond between two glucose moecules

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24
Q

what components is trehalose broken down into by trehalase?

A

2 glucose molecules

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25
Q

what is the literal meaning of acarbose?

A

no carbs

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26
Q

what is acarbose?

A

it is a competitive inhibitor of alpha-glucosidases

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27
Q

what two enzyme and complex do acarbose compete with?

A

alpha-amylase and sucrase-isomaltase complex

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28
Q

where is acarbose active in the body?

A

the intestine

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29
Q

acarbose is used in the treatment of what disease?

A

type II diabetes

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30
Q

what are the 4 cross-membrane transport mechanisms?

A

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and phago/pinocytosis

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31
Q

which of the 4 cross-membrane techniques are used to bring glucose into cells?

A

all 4 - simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and phago/pinocytosis

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32
Q

another term for facilitated diffusion is?

A

facilitated transport

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33
Q

what 4 components in the cellular barrier make it difficult for glucose to get across the BBB?

A

tight junctions, narrow intracellular space, lack of pinocytosis, and a continuous basement membrane

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34
Q

what 5 components in the cellular barrier are used for the transport of glucose across non-neuronal cells?

A

paracellular (b/c 1- no tight junction and 2 - wider intracellular space 3 - discontinuous basement membrane) 4- pinocytosis, and 5 - specific glucose transporters

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35
Q

what is the only way that glucose can pass through both neural and non-neural cells?

A

specific glucose transporters

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36
Q

what are the two types of transporters involved in glucose transport though the membrane?

A

active co-transporter and facilitated transporter

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37
Q

what kind of transporter is the active transporter that is used to get glucose across the cell membrane?

A

sodium-glucose symport

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38
Q

what pump does the active sodium-glucose transporter rely on?

A

the Na/K-ATPase pump

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39
Q

can the active sodium-glucose transport move glucose against the gradient?

A

yes

40
Q

what is the facilitated glucose transport activated by?

A

insulin

41
Q

what process is triggered by insulin in the facilitated glucose transporters?

A

phagocytosis

42
Q

what kind of transporter is the facilitated transporter used to get sodium across the cell membrane?

A

glucose uniport

43
Q

is the GLUT1 transporter a facilitated or active transport mechanism?

A

facilitated

44
Q

all GLUT transporters are what kind of transporters?

A

facilitated!

45
Q

the GLUT1 transporters can uptake what 2 things?

A

glucose and Vitamin C

46
Q

where is the GLUT1 transporter most expressed?

A

in erythrocytes (RBC) and barrier tissue cells (like endothelial cells, eg. BBB)

47
Q

which GLUT transporter is found din the liver, pancreas, small intestines, etc…?

A

GLUT2

48
Q

which GLUT transporter is found in adipose and muscle tissue?

A

GLUT4

49
Q

is the active transport of glucose insulin dependent?

A

no, it is dependent upon the Na/K ATPase pump to create a gradient

50
Q

in the facilitated transport of glucose what is exchanged for 1 glucose?

A

2 sodium

51
Q

why is it so important to bring glucose into our cells?

A

to fuel to cell it’self and its processes, (this answer could be explained more drawn out)

52
Q

Can glycolysis occur in every cell type or just specific types?

A

every cell type

53
Q

where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

A

in the cytoplasm

54
Q

does glycolsis require O2?

A

no

55
Q

what does glycolysis provide alongside it’s end product and generation of ATP?

A

high energy phosphate intermediates suitable for substrate level phosphyrlation

56
Q

what 3 things does glycolysis produce and how much of each?

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH/H+, and 2 pyruvate

57
Q

what is pyruvate reduced to in anaerobic cells?

A

lactate

58
Q

what cells are under anaerobic conditions?

A

erythrocytes and heavily exercised muscle cells

59
Q

what is regenerated when anaerobic cells reduce pyruvate to lactate?

A

NAD+

60
Q

glycolysis generates provides pyruvate to act as a precursor for what in liver and adipose tissue?

A

lipid biosynthesis

61
Q

what two things regulate glycolysis in liver and adipose tissue?

A

glucagon and insulin

62
Q

glycolysis provides precursors for some of what two things?

A

amino acids and pentoses

63
Q

how many phases are in the preparative phase of glycolysis?

A

3

64
Q

how many ATP are consumed in the preparative phase of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

65
Q

how many ATP are generated in the ATP-generating phases of glycolysis?

A

4 ATP

66
Q

what happens to all intermediates in glycolysis?

A

phosphorylation

67
Q

Why are all intermediates in glycolysis phosphorolated?

A

it labels the compounds as intermediates of glycolysis as to not be used for other processes in the cell

68
Q

what does hexokinase do?

A

phosphorylates glucose and uses 1 ATP

69
Q

where is glucose phosphorylated and why?

A

at the 6-position because the primary alcohol has the most reactive -OH group

70
Q

what is the result of an isomerisation reaction?

A

a compound with the same molecular formula but different structure

71
Q

what does phosphoglucose isomerase do?

A

converts a pyranose (6-membered sugar) to a furanose (5-membered sugar)

72
Q

what is the 2nd enzyme in glycolysis?

A

phosphoglucose isomerase

73
Q

what is the 3rd enzyme in glycolysis?

A

phosphofructokinase

74
Q

what does phosphofructokinase do?

A

adds a second phosphate group with the use of 1 ATP

75
Q

what is the 4th enzyme in glycolysis?

A

aldolase

76
Q

what does aldolase do in glycolysis?

A

splits the C6 compound into 2 C3 compounds

77
Q

what is FBP

A

fructose-1,6-biphosphate

78
Q

how is FBP bound to the enzyme aldolase?

A

as an imine, via schiff base reaction

79
Q

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase is what number enzyme in glycolysis?

A

5th

80
Q

which enzyme is the “trickiest” enzyme of glycolysis and why?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase, because it adds a phosphate group without consuming ATP

81
Q

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase generates energy in the form of what?

A

NADH/H+ (per intermediate of glucose, so 2)

82
Q

what is the 7th enzyme of glycolysis?

A

phosphoglyceromutase?

83
Q

what does a mutase enzyme do?

A

moves a functional group from one position to another on the same molecule

84
Q

what two functional groups are switched by phosphoglyceromutase?

A

an -OH group and a phosphate group

85
Q

what is the 8th enzyme of glycolysis?

A

Enolase

86
Q

what kind of reaction does enolase catalyze?

A

a dehydration reaction

87
Q

what is the 6th enzyme of glycolysis?

A

phosphoglycerate kinase

88
Q

what does phosphoglycerate kinase do in glycolysis?

A

backwards kinase, removes a phosphate group, generates 2 ATP (1 per intermediate of glucose)

89
Q

what is the 9th and last enzyme of glycolysis?

A

pyruvate kinase

90
Q

what does pyruvate kinase doe?

A

acts as a backwards kinase, removes aphosphate generating 2 ATP

91
Q

what does NAD stand for?

A

nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide

92
Q

NADH/H+ can be reduced to what and where in the cell?

A

ATP, in the mitochondira

93
Q

how many ATP are made from anaerobic metabolism of ATP?

A

36-38 ATP

94
Q

how do the reduced co-factors of glycolysis, (suc as NADH/H+) reach the inner mitochondria?

A

shuttle systems

95
Q

what is the name of the shuttle systems that allows the reduced co-factors of glycolysis, (suc as NADH/H+) reach the inner mitochondria?

A

glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle, and malate aspertate shuttle

96
Q

which shuttle system for NADH/H+ yields more ATP?

A

glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle

Biochemistry (7 decks)

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