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Biochemistry > Electron Transport Chain > Flashcards

Electron Transport Chain Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of the ETC?

A

to finish the energy provision process by reoxidizing the cofactors produced by the TCA cycle

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2
Q

where does the ETC reside?

A

in the inner membrane of the mitochondira

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3
Q

where is ATP released into by the ETC?

A

into the mitochondrial matrix

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4
Q

another name for the ETC is?

A

respiration chain

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5
Q

The ETC is a stepwise process by which e- are carried from the ____ _____ to __

A

reduced cofactors to O2

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6
Q

the cofactors that are reduced in the electron transport chain are ____ by ___

A

oxidized by oxygen

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7
Q

what is the name of Complex I?

A

NADH dehydrogenase, NADH-CoQ-reductase

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8
Q

what is the name of complex II?

A

succinate degydrogenase, succinate CoQ-reductase

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9
Q

another name for Co-enzyme Q is?

A

ubiquinone

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10
Q

what is the name of complex III?

A

cytochrome b-c1 complex, ubiquinone cytochrome c reductase

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11
Q

what is the name of complex IV?

A

cytocrhome oxidase, cytochrome c oxidase

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12
Q

which three complexes to NADH/H+ go through?

A

I, III and IV

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13
Q

which three complexes to FADH2 go through?

A

II,III, and IV

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14
Q

another name for iron complexes?

A

cytochromes

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15
Q

what is the shuttle between complex I and III or complex II and III

A

CoQ (ubiquinone)

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16
Q

what is the shuttle between complex III and IV?

A

Cytochrome c

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17
Q

Why are only 2 moles of H+ channeled out at complex IV (as opposed to 4 at complexes I and III)?

A

The other two are used to generate one Mol of Water!

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18
Q

what is responsible for the different modifications of Fe2+/Fe3+ redox potentials?

A

the different biochemical environments

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19
Q

what is the only ETC carrier that is not a protein-bound cofactor?

A

ubiquinone

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20
Q

where in the body is a high concentration of ubiquinone found?

A

in the heart muscles

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21
Q

ubiquinone transports ___ through the ___ ____ into the ____ ___ of the mitochondira

A

it transports ptrotons through the inner membrane into the intermembrane space

22
Q

which complex is the only component of the ETC that has a copper complex?

A

complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase)

23
Q

which complex contains the binding cite for O2?

A

complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase)

24
Q

the reduction of cytochrome by complex IV(cytochrome c oxidase) is coupled to what?

A

proton transport

25
Q

the proton concentration inside complex IV is decreased by what two processes?

A

1- formation of water 2- outflux of protons by the complex

26
Q

how many protons are transported into complex IV along with the the reduction of O2?

A

4 protons

27
Q

the interaction between what two things reduce oxygen to water in complex IV?

A

the Fe and Cu complexes

28
Q

heme, by definition if a cofactor containing what?

A

Fe2+

29
Q

which complex is the only one that doesn’t involve the influx of protons that is then followed by their outflux?

A

complex II

30
Q

since oxidation is always coupled with reduction, when the ___ ____ are oxidized then ___ is reduced

A

co-factors are oxidized, oxygen is reduced

31
Q

what process it redox in the TCA paired with?

A

the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

32
Q

where does the energy used for ATP synthesis come from in the TCA cycle?

A

and proton-gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

33
Q

can protons pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

no, the proton gradients is made by the ETC

34
Q

the out-transport of protons by the ETC causes two kinds of gradients, what are they?

A

chemical (pH) and electrochemical (V)

35
Q

The idea that energy for ATP synthesis arises from an H+-gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane is known as what?

A

chemiosmotic theory

36
Q

ATP synthase is made up of what tow main components?

A

a proton channel (F0) and an ATPase site (F1)

37
Q

mitochondrial F1(ATPase) particles are required for __ ____ but not for ___ ___

A

ATP synthesis, proton transport

38
Q

what subunit of the F1 (ATPase) unit rotates?

A

the gamma unit

39
Q

when the gamma unit of the F1(ATPase) unit rotates it changes the shape of what?

A

the beta subunits

40
Q

when the beta subunits are open in the F1 unit what happens?

A

ATP leaves and new ADP and Pi come in

41
Q

what happens when the beta subunits in the F1 units are lose?

A

ADP and Pi bind together

42
Q

what happens when the beta subunits in the F1 units are tight?

A

ADP and Pi react and form ATP

43
Q

give an example of an uncoupler

A

DNP (dinitrophenol)

44
Q

what do uncouplers, like DNP, do?

A

uncouple the ETC and ATP-synthases

45
Q

what protein is located in the mitochondrial membrane of adipose cells and acts as a heat generator?

A

thermogenin

46
Q

how many subunits for the ETC does mitochondrial DNA code for?

A

7

47
Q

what are the 7 subunits that mitochondrial DNA encode for in the TCA?

A

1-complex I, 1- complex III, 3 - complex IV, and 2 for ATP-synthase

48
Q

how many subunits are coded by nuclear DNA?

A

> 70

49
Q

what is OXPHOS?

A

a genetic disease affecting oxidative phosphyrlation

50
Q

what is a common cause of OXPHOS?

A

mutations of mitochondrial DNA, since the mitochondria doesn’t have repair systems as sophisticated as the nuclear DNA

51
Q

where is creatine phosphate mostly found?

A

the brain, muscle and especially heart cells

52
Q

what does creatine phosphate do?

A

acts as a buffer for ATP, by providing fast ATP generation via substrate level phosphorylation

Biochemistry (7 decks)

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