sugar alc0h0ls

Question 1

is a hexahydric alcohol obtained by reduction of mannose or by isolation from manna

Answer 1

mannitol

Question 2

is the dried saccharine exudate of Fraximus annus that contains 50-60% of mannitol; used for its laxative properties

Answer 2

manna

Question 3

uses of mannitol

Answer 3

• laxative
• diagnostic aid
• osmotic diuretic

Question 4

is a hexitol that was originally obtained from the ripe berries of the mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia)

Answer 4

sorbitol

aka d-glucitol

Question 5

also occurs in many fruits but is generally prepared from glucose by hydrogenation or by electrolytic reduction

Answer 5

sorbitol

Question 6

tastes approximately half as sweet as sucrose

Answer 6

sorbitol

Question 7

uses of sorbitol

Answer 7

• humectant
• useful for toothpaste, gums, dietetic products
• osmotic laxative
• urologic irrigation

Question 8

from galactose; contributes to cataract formation associated with galactosemia

Answer 8

galactitol

Question 9

a naturally occurring alcohol found in most plant material, including many fruits and vegetables; extracted from birch wood to make medicine

Answer 9

xylitol

Question 10

widely used as a sugar substitute and in “sugar-free” chewing gums, mints, and other candies

Answer 10

xylitol

Question 11

the most commonly used sweetener in sugarless gums because it is less expensive than xylitol and easier to make into commercial products

Answer 11

sorbitol

Question 12

xylitol can prevent the following:

Answer 12

• cavities
• tooth plaque
• ear infection

but no good scientific support

Question 13

tastes sweet but, unlike sugar, it is not converted in the mouth to acids that cause tooth decay

Answer 13

xylitol

Question 14

reduces levels of decay-causing bacteria in saliva and also acts against some bacteria that cause ear infections

Answer 14

xylitol

Question 15

composed of 10 or more sugar units bonded together

Answer 15

polysaccharides

Question 16

serves as temporary storage for plants

Answer 16

starch

Question 17

TRUE OR FALSE

starches generally form colloidal sols rather than true solutions

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

enzymes capable of hydrolyzing starch

Answer 18

• alpha amylase
• beta amylase

Question 19

an enzyme present in pancreatic juice (amylopsin) and saliva (phytialin), and hydrolyzes starch by a random splitting of α -1,4-glycosidic linkages

Answer 19

alpha amylase

Question 20

produces its effect by removing maltose units from the nonreducing ends of polysaccharide molecules

Answer 20

beta amylase

Question 21

α -1,4-glucan 4- glucanohydrolase

Answer 21

alpha amylase

Question 22

α- 1,4-glucan maltohydrolase

Answer 22

beta amylase

Question 23

is starch that has been chemically or mechanically processed to rupture all or part of the granules in the presence of water

Answer 23

pregelatinized starch

Question 24

which among starch preparations is slightly soluble to soluble in cold water and is used as a tablet excipient (binder)?

Answer 24

pregelatinized starch

Question 25

a semisynthetic material; is the sodium salt of a **carboxymethyl ether** of starch, and used as **tablet disintegrant**

Answer 25

sodium starch glycolate

Question 26

a semisynthetic material that is prepared in such a manner that it is approximately **90% amylopectin**, and 7 or 8 **hydroxyethyl substituents** are present for each 10 glucose units

Answer 26

hetastarch

Question 27

concentration of **hetastrach** to be used as **plasma expander**

Answer 27

6% solution

Question 28

starch preparation that is **adjunct therapy** in treatment of shock caused by hemorrhage, burns, surgery, sepsis, or other trauma

Answer 28

hetastarch

Question 29

is a **d-fructo-furanose polymer** whose residues are linked in linear fashion by ß-2,1 bonds

Answer 29

inulin/hydrous inulin

Question 30

obtained from the subterranean organs of members of the family Compositae

Answer 30

inulin

Question 31

particularly abundant in **taraxacum**, *inula* (elecampane), *lappa* (burdock root), *echinacea* (cone flower), and *chicory* (succory or blue dandelion root)

Answer 31

inulin

Question 32

occurs in the **cell sap arid**; by immersing the fresh rhizome or root in alcohol for some time, it usually crystallizes in **sphaerite aggregates**

Answer 32

inulin

Question 33

is an **α-1,6-linked polyglucan** that is formed from sucrose by the action of a **transglucosylase enzyme** system present in *Leuconostoc mesenteroides*

Answer 33

dextran | enzyme: dextran sucrase

Question 34

concentration of dextran to be used as an adjunct in the treatment of shock

Answer 34

10% solution

Question 35

employed to **reduce blood viscosity** and to improve microcirculation at low flow states

Answer 35

dextran | interferes with some lab tests and may increase clotting time

Question 36

is a sterile, colloidal **solution of ferric hydroxide** in complex with partially hydrolyzed dextran of low molecular weight in water for injection

Answer 36

iron dextran injection

Question 37

IM or IV injection particularly useful when oral iron preparations are **not well tolerated**

Answer 37

iron dextran injection

Question 38

major form of stored carbohydrate in animals

Answer 38

glycogen

Question 39

glycogen branching

Answer 39

every 8-10 residues

Question 40

structural element of plants (fibrous part of plants)

Answer 40

cellulose

Question 41

freed from **adhering impurities**, deprived of fatty matter, bleached, and sterilized in its final container

Answer 41

purified cotton/absorbent cotton

Question 42

occurs as white, soft, fine, filamentlike hairs that appear under the microscope as hollow, flattened, and twisted bands that are striate and slightly thickened at the edges

Answer 42

purified cotton

Question 43

from *Gossypium hirsutum* (Malvaceae)

Answer 43

purified cotton

Question 44

purified mechanically from **disintegrated cellulose** prepared by processing a-cellulose obtained as a pulp from fibrous plant materials

Answer 44

powdered cellulose

Question 45

exists in various grades and exhibits degrees of fineness ranging from a free-flowing dense powder to a coarse, fluffy, non-flowing material

Answer 45

powdered cellulose

Question 46

purified partially **depolymerized cellulose** prepared by treating a-cellulose, obtained as a pulp from fibrous plant material, with mineral acids

Answer 46

microcrystalline cellulose | ex. **avicel**

Question 47

**mixture of cellulose nitrates** obtained by the action of a mixture of **nitric and sulfuric** acids on cotton

Answer 47

pyroxylin/soluble guncotton

Question 48

used in the preparation of collodion and flexible collodion, topical protectants

Answer 48

pyroxylin

Question 49

is a fibrous form of bleached, **regenerated cellulose**

Answer 49

purified rayon

Question 50

used as a **surgical aid** and contain NMT **12.5% of titanium dioxide**

Answer 50

purified rayon

Question 51

is a **bulk laxative** and a suspending agent, topical protectant; marketed as “**artificial tears**” or contact lens solutions

Answer 51

methylcellulose | "methyl ether of cellulose"

Question 52

cellulose used as a tablet binder and film coating

Answer 52

ethylcellulose | "ethyl ether of cellulose"

Question 53

a **thickening** agent and used in some formulations for artificial tears

Answer 53

hydroxy**ethyl**cellulose | " hydroxyethyl ether of cellulose"

Question 54

cellulose used as stabilizer, thickener, binder and film coating in tablet formulations

Answer 54

hydroxy**propyl**cellulose

Question 55

cellulose used as a suspending agent, a thickening agent, and a tablet excipient; also as **topical protectants** or artificial tears for contact lenses

Answer 55

hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

Question 56

available in the form of sterile pads, pledgets, and strips and are used as local hemostatics

Answer 56

cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP)

Question 57

cellulose used as tablet-coating agents (enteric coating)

Answer 57

cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP)

Question 58

the **sodium salt** of a polycarboxymethyl ether of cellulose; used as suspending, thickening, tablet excipient, **laxative agent**

Answer 58

sodium carboxymethylcellulose

Question 59

used as **bulking** agent and usually combined with other drug substances, in products intended for **appetite suppression**

Answer 59

**carboxy**methylcellulose and its sodium salt

Question 60

# OVERVIEW cellulose derivatives for **artificial tears**

Answer 60

* hydroxyethylcellulose * methylcellulose * hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

Question 61

# OVERVIEW cellulose derivatives as **tabler binder** and for **film coating**

Answer 61

* ethylcellulose * hydroxypropylcellulose

Question 62

# OVERVIEW cellulose derivatives for **enteric** coating

Answer 62

cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP)

Question 63

# OVERVIEW cellulose derivatives as **suspending agents**

Answer 63

* methylcellulose * hydroxypropyl methylcellulose * sodium carboxymethyl cellulose

Question 64

# OVERVIEW cellulose derivatives as **local hemostatics**

Answer 64

* oxidized cellulose * oxidized regenerated cellulose * most cellulose derivatives

Question 65

# OVERVIEW cellulose derivatives as **bulk laxative**

Answer 65

* methylcellulose * sodium carboxymethylcellulose

Question 66

**homopolyme** of N-acetyl-B-D-glucosamine

Answer 66

chitin

Question 67

**aminated** glucose; a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides, which is the major constituent in the **exoskeleton of arthropods** (crabs, lobsters, shrimps) and the cell walls of fungi

Answer 67

chitin

Question 68

monosaccharide derivative of glucose

Answer 68

glucosamine

Question 69

is a complex carbohydrate whose **resembles the structure of cellulose**

Answer 69

chitin