6ums Flashcards by jo shibiwol

are natural plant hydrocolloid that may be classified as anionic or non-ionic polysaccharides or salts of polysaccharides

gums

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are translucent, amorphous substances that are frequently produced in higher plants as a protective after injury

gums

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TRUE OR FALSE

both gums and mucilages are heteroglycans or heteropolysaccharides

TRUE

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pathologic products that readily dissolve in water

gums

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physiologic products that form slimy masses

mucilages

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OVERVIEW

gums from shrub or tree exudate

acacia
karaya
tragacanth

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OVERVIEW

marine gums

agar
algin
carrageenan

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OVERVIEW

seed gums

guar
locust bean
psylium

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OVERVIEW

gum from plant extracts

pectin

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OVERVIEW

microbial gums

dextran
xanthan

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the most resistant hydrocolloid to acid hydrolysis and thus preferred for use in highly acidic conditions

tragacanth

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greek words origin of tragacanth

“tragos” - goat
“akantha” - horn

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refers to the exuding and subsequent hardening of the drug

astragalus

means “milkbone”

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means “gumbearing” in latin

gummifer

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natural tragacanth that has wormlike shape and is twisted into coils

vermiform tragacanth

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tragacanth of a yellowish or brownish color, shaped like irregular tears

tragacanth sorts

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better grade tragacanth that comes from transverse incisions made with a knife in the main stem and older branches

ribbon gum/flake gum

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tragacanth contains what % of bassorin?

60-70% of bassorin

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a complex of polymethoxylated acids, which swells in water but does not dissolve; has an elongated molecular shape and forms a viscous solution

bassorin

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composes about 30% of tragacanth gum and is the more water-soluble component

tragacanthin

aka demethoxylated bassorin

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commercial grade of tragacanth that is almost colorless and nearly translucent

no. 1

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commercial grade of tragacanth that have more color and opacity

no. 2 and no. 3

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TRUE OR FALSE

acacia and alcohol is compatible

FALSE

incompatible

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major component of acacia gum

arabin

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# TRUE OR FALSE acacia is **unusually insoluble** for a hydrocolloid and can form solutions over a wide range of concentrations

FALSE | soluble

amount of water present in acacia

12-15%

pH range where acacia have low viscosity and good stability -- contributes to emulsifying property

pH 2-10

percent concentration of **acacia as suspending agent**

36%

sometimes used as a substitute for acacia

ghatti gum/indian gum

an exudate from *Anogeissus latifolia*, a tree indigenous to India and Sri Lanka

ghatti gum

a branched hydrocolloid and readily forms dispersions with cold water; the dispersions are **more viscous than those of acacia**

ghatti gum

ghatti/indian gum is a mixture of:

* galactose * galacturonic acid * rhamnose * acetic acid

are marine gums considered as gums or mucilages?

mucilages

sodium alginate + alginic acid

algin

extracted from brown seaweeds by the use of dilute alkali

algin

**chief** source of algin

*Macrocystis pyrifera*

occurs as a nearly odorless and tasteless coarse or fine powder and is yellowish white in color

algin

major component of algin

mannuronic acid

consists chiefly of the sodium salt of alginic acid, a linear polymer of **L-glucuronic** acid and **D-mannuronic** acid

algin

algin is metabolized by the body and has a caloric value of approximately ____

**1.4** calories per gram

# TRUE OR FALSE **algin** - readily **soluble** in water **alginic acid** - relatively **insoluble** in water

TRUE

# TRUE OR FALSE algin is soluble in water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, and strong acid

FALSE | soluble in water ONLY

use of alginic acid

tablet binder and thickening agent

used in **gelation** purposes, including the formation of a firm gel for preparing **dental impressions**

calcium alginate

the **propylene glycol ester** of ____ has been prepared and is especially useful in formulations that require **greater acid stability** than that possessed by the **parent hvdrocolloid**

algin

**more water soluble** than alginic acid; used as thickener

sodium alginate

usually occurs as bundles consisting of thin, membranous, **agglutinated strips** or in cut, flaked, or granulated forms

agar/japanese isinglas

2 major fractions of agar

* **agarose** - low sulfate * **agaropectin** - high sulfate

what is the **repeating disaccharide** unit in agar?

agarobiose

used as a **matrix** for immunodiffusion; used in **electrophoresis** and **chromatography**

agarose

extensively used as a **gel in bacteriologic culture media** and as an aid in food processing and other industrial processes

agar

obtained from various red algae or seaweeds

carrageenan

are galactans with sulfate esters and **physically resemble agar** | but they have **higher** sulfate ester content

carrageenan hydrocolloids

is an allusion to the **fruit bodied** that appear as elevated tubercles in the thallus

gigartina

is an allusion to the **cartilage-like** character of the dry thallus

chondrus/irish moss

red algae from *Furcellaria fastigiata* (Furcellariaceae)

furcellaran/danish agar

this hydrocolloid is **similar to k-carrageenan**, and it finds some use, especially in Europe, as a gelating and suspending agent

furcellaran

uses of seed gums

* bulk-forming laxatives * cathartic * laxatives | due to high fiber content

# PLANTAGO SEED plantago meaning in latin

"sole of the foot" | refers to the shape of the leaf

# PLANTAGO SEED psyllium meaning in greek

"flea" | refers to color, size, and shape of the seed

# PLANTAGO SEED arenaria meaning in latin

"arena" - "sand" | refers to sandy habitat of the plant

# PLANTAGO SEED the most important plantago product

**husk** of the seed of *P. ovata*

amount of **hydrocolloid present** in plantago seed localized in the outerseed coat

10-30%

commercial products in the market containing plantago seed

* c-lium fibre * metamucil

from the ripe seed of *Cydonia vulgaris* (Rosaceae)

cydonium/quince seed

these seeds possess a **mucilaginous epithelium** equivalent to approximately **20%** of their weight

cydonium

component of cydonium

* l-arabinose * mixture of aldobiouronic acids

this have **thixotropic** properties and is used as an ingredient in some **wave setting lotions**

cydonium

the hydrocolloid of guar gum/guaran

galactomannan

other names of locust bean gum

* st. john's bread * carob pulp

is a galactomannan and is similar to guar gum

locust bean gum

its **powder** made from flesh of mature seed pods is used as **chocolate substitute**, thickener, and stabilizer

locust bean gum

is a high molecular weight microbial gum

xanthan gum

prepared by the action of *Xanthomonas **campestris*** on suitable carbohydrates

xanthan gum

the **exocellular gum** is recovered from the **fermentation** broth by precipitation with **isopropyl alcohol**

xanthan gum

xanthan gum is marketed as

* sodium salt * potassium salt * calcium salt

this has **pseudoplastic properties** which enable toothpastes and ointments both to hold their, shape and to spread readily

xanthan gum

xanthan gum is independent at what temperature?

10-70°C

polysaccharide that acts as a **cementing material in the cell walls** of all plant tissues

pectin

amount of pectin in the white portion of the rind of lemons and oranges

30%

a purified carbohydrate product obtained from the dilute acid extract of the **inner portion of the rind of citrus fruits** or from **apple pomace**

pectin

pectin meaning in greek

"congealed" or "curdled"

molecular weight range of pectin

100,000 to 250,000

chief component of pectin

methoxylated polygalacturonic acids

pectin yields ____% of galacturonic acid

NLT 74%

main **carbohydrate** component of pectin

1,4-linked D-galacturonan

is a coarse or fine powder, yellowish white in color, almost odorless, and has a **mucilaginous taste**

pectin

pectin is completely soluble in what parts of water?

20 parts of water

1 part of pectin heated in ____ parts of water to forms a **stiff gel**

9 parts

pectin in fruit is found in an insoluble form

propectin | converted to the soluble form by heating the fruit with dilute acid

pectin that contains sugars or organic acids

commercial pectin

pure pectin to which no additions have been made

pharmaceutic pectin

as a colloidal solution, it has the property of **conjugating toxins** and enhancing the physiologic functions of the digestive tract through its physical and chemical properties

pectin