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A&P Suffolk > Suffolk test 3 > Flashcards

Suffolk test 3 Flashcards

0
Q 
Skull 
Hyoid
Vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum
Ear ossicles 
Are part of
A

Axial skeleton

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1
Q 
Support
Movement
Storage of minerals calcium and phosphate
Blood cell production
Energy storage
A

Functions if bone

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2
Q

Upper and lower limbs
Hip
Shoulder
All are part of

A

Appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

Bones that are longer than they are wide

A

Long bones

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4
Q

Sesamoid bones are

A

Cube shaped bones of the wrist and ankle

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5
Q

Sesamoid bones are formed within

A

Tendons - patella

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6
Q

Flat bones ex

A

Sternum and most skull bones

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7
Q

Irregular bone examples

A

Vertebrae

Hip bones

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8
Q

Type of cartilage over joint surfaces that act as friction reducers and shock absorber

A

Articular cartilage

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9
Q

Red bone marrow is found in

A

Spongy bone

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10
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Marrow cavity

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11
Q

Compact bone is arranged in units called

A

Osteons or haversion systems

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12
Q

Contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves & osteocytes along w the calcified matrix

A

Osteons

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13
Q

Muscles only pull never

A

Push

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14
Q

As muscles shorten the insertion moves toward the

A

Origin

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15
Q

Whatever a muscle group does another muscle group

A

Undoes

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16
Q

Provides the major force for producing a specific movement

A

Prime movers

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17
Q

Opposes or reverses a particular movement

A

Adds force to a movement

Reduces undesirable or unnecessary movement

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18
Q

Adds force to a movement

Reduces undesirable or unnecessary movement

A

Synergists

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19
Q

Synergists that immobilize a bone or muscles origin

A

Fixators

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20
Q

Factors when naming skeletal muscles

A

Location
Shape
Size
Direction of fibers

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21
Q

Rectus fibers run

A

Straight

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22
Q

Oblique fibers run

A

At angles

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23
Q

Muscle called orbicularis encircles what

A

The mouth

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24
Q

Convergent fascicles can be found where

A

Pectoralis major

Chest

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25
Q

Multipennate fascicles can be found

A

Deltoid

Shoulder

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26
Q

Parallel fascicles can be found

A

Sartorious

Long muscle inner thigh

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27
Q

Fusiform fascicles can be found

A

Biceps brachii

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28
Q

Unipennate fascicles are found

A

Extensor digitorum longus

Lower limb

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29
Q

Bipennate fascicles found

A

Rectus femoris

Thigh

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30
Q

A point of contact between two or more bones between cartilage and bones or between teeth and bones

A

Joint

Articulation or arthrosis

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31
Q

The scientific study of joints is called

A

Arthrology

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32
Q

Area inbetween two articulating bones

A

Synovial cavity

Contains synovial fluid

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33
Q

Joints hold bones together but permits

A

Movement

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34
Q

Study of motion

A

Kinesiology

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35
Q

Structurally joints are classified as

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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36
Q

Functional classification of joints

Synarthosis

A

Immovable

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37
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly movable

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38
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely moveable

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39
Q

Type of joint that
lacks a synovial cavity
Holds bones together with fibrous connective tissue
Little or no movement

A

Fibrous joints

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40
Q

3 structural types of fibrous joints

A

Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis

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41
Q

What types of joints are found in the skull

A

Fibrous

Found in the sutures

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42
Q

Syndesmoses is what type of joint and located where

A

Fibrous joint

Between tibia and fibula

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43
Q

What structural joint is found between tooth and alveolar process

A

Gomphosis

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44
Q

If dense fibrous connective tissue are fused in adults it’s called

A

Synostosis

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45
Q

Interosseous membrane is made of what type of joint

A

Fibrous joint

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46
Q

Lacks synovial cavity
Allows little or no movement
Bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

A

Cartilaginous joints

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47
Q

2 types of cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondroses

Symphyses

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48
Q

Synchondrosis connecting material is

A

Hyaline cartilage

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49
Q

Synchondrosis is found

A

Between ribs and sternum

Epiphyseal plates

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50
Q

Symphysis connecting material is

A

Fibrocartilage

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51
Q

Symphases can be found

A

Inverterbral disc and

Pubic symphysis

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52
Q

Synovial cavity is diarthrosis meaning

A

Freely moveable

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53
Q

This cartilage found in synovial joints reduces friction and absorbs shock

A

Articular cartilage

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54
Q

Inner synovial membrane contains

A

Synovial fluid

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55
Q

Outer fibrous capsule of the articular capsule may contain

A

Ligaments

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56
Q

Bursa is a sac like structure which can be found in front of

57
Q

Articular cartilage gains nutrients from

A

Synovial fluid

58
Q

A twisting of joint that stretches and tears ligaments
May damage blood vessels
Muscles or tendons
Swelling

59
Q

Over stretched or partially torn muscle

60
Q

Tubelike bursae that wrap around tendons at wrist and ankle where many tendons come together in a confined space

A

Tendon sheaths

61
Q

Chronic inflammation of bursa is called

62
Q

What type of movement occurs in flat bones

63
Q

Types of angular movements

A

Lateral flexion
Extension
Hyperextention

64
Q

Types of synovial joints

A 
Planar
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid  
Saddle
Ball and socket
65
Q

Planar joints can be found

A

Inter tarsal or intercarpal joints

66
Q

Hinge joints can be found
Allows for flexion
Extension and hyper extension

A

Knee
Elbow
Ankle

67
Q

Pivot joints can be found

Allows for probation and supination

A

Head of radius

68
Q

This joint fits as like a person would be sitting on a saddle

A

Saddle joint

69
Q

Ball and socket joints are found

A

Head of femur

Head of humorous

70
Q

Factors effecting contact and range of motion at synovial joints

A

Tension of muscles
Hormones
Disuse

71
Q

What type of effects does aging do to joints

A

Decreased synovial fluid
Thinning articular cartilage
Loss of ligament length and flex
Wear and tear over time

72
Q

Examination of joints

Remove torn knee cartilage and repair ligaments through. Small incision

A

Arthroscopy

73
Q

Replacement of joints
Total hip replacements
Knee replacement s

A

Arthroplasty

74
Q

A joint disease commonly known as “wear n tear” arthritis. Deterioration of articular cartilage

A

Osteoarthritis

75
Q

A bacterial disease which symptoms includes joint stiffness , stiff neck, fevers chills, headache,

A

Lyme disease

76
Q

An autoimmune disorder
Cartilage is attacked
Inflammation pain swelling
Fusion of joints

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

77
Q

Name synarthrosis : immovable joints

A

Tooth in alveolar process
Sutures in skull
Epiphyseal plate
Joints in ribs and sternum

78
Q

Amphiarthrosis : slightly immovable joints

A

Anterior tibiofibular joint
Inverterbral discs
Pubic symphysis

79
Q

Name monoaxial joints

A

Pivot joint
Elbow
Knee
Ankle

80
Q

Name biaxle joints

A

Metacarpal
Metacarpal
Joints

81
Q

Can power maximal muscle contraction for about 15 seconds and is used for maximal short bursts of energy for example running a 100 meter dash

A

Creatine phosphate and ATP

82
Q

Name the three sources of ATP production

A

Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration
Creatine phosphate

83
Q

ATP produced from glucose breakdown into pyruvic acid during glycolysis . If no O2 is present pyruvic acid turns to lactic acid and enters blood stream. This is called

A

Anaerobic cellular respiration

84
Q

When pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria to generate ATP water and heat

A

Aerobic respiration

85
Q

Inability to contract after prolonged activity

A

Muscle fatigue

86
Q

Insufficient release of acetylcholine from motor nuerons
Build up of lactic acid or ATP
Depletion of creative phosphate
Decline of calcium within the sarcoplasm

A

Factors that contribute to fatigue

87
Q

After exercise heavy breathing continues to restore muscles in three ways

A

Restore oxygen removed from myoglobin
Synthesize creatine
Convert lactic acid to pyruvic acid

88
Q

What is the cori cycle

A

When the liver converts lactic acid to to pyruvic acid then glucose is released

89
Q

Sarcomere shortening produces tension within

90
Q

A brief contraction of all the muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential

A

Twitch contraction

91
Q

What happens during the latent period during muscle contraction

A

Action potential sweeps over sarcolema

And calcium ions are released into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

92
Q

Applying increased number of action potentials to a muscle fiber leads to

A

Fusion of contractions (tetanus)

93
Q

Contraction in which the muscle shortens while generating force

A

Concentric isotonic

94
Q

Contraction in which muscle tension is less than the resistance and muscle lengthens

A

Eccentric isotonic

95
Q

When muscle force and resistance are equal. Supports objects in a fixed position and posture

A

Isometric contraction

96
Q

Three types of connective tissue layers

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

97
Q

Epimysium

A

Surrounds the whole muscle

98
Q

Perimysium

A

Surrounds bundles (fascicles)

99
Q

Endomysium

A

Separates individual muscle cells

100
Q

Tiny invaginations that quickly spread action potential to all parts of muscle fiber

101
Q

The muscle cell cytoplasm

Contains myoglobin for oxygen storage

A

Sarcoplasm

102
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores

A

Calcium ions

103
Q

Separates one sarcomere from the next

104
Q

Name the layers of connective tissue components

A 
Perimysium
Epimysium
Endomysium
Muscle fiber cell
Myofibril
Filaments
105
Q

Underneath the endomysium , the plasma membrane surrounding and individual muscle fiber

106
Q

In the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm) of skeletal muscle fibers there are contractile proteins called

A

Myofibrils

107
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum that surrounds each muscle fiber stores

A

Calcium ions

108
Q

When the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions it triggers

A

Muscle contraction

109
Q

The basic functional unit if skeletal muscle fibers is the

110
Q

What supporting proteins help keep the thick filaments and thin filaments in place

A

M line
Z disc
Titan filament

111
Q

Darker middle part of the sarcomere

112
Q

What protein covers the thin filaments

113
Q

What protein mostly covers thick filaments

114
Q

Thin filaments are made of what three things

A

Actin
Tropomyosin
Troponin

115
Q

Thin filaments are held in place by

116
Q

Contraction cycle keeps repeating as long as there is high

A

ATP and calcium ion levels

117
Q

5 steps of contractions

A 
Exposure of active sites
Formation of crossbridges
Power stroke of myosin heads
ATP binds to myosin and detaches it from actin
Myosin hydrolyzes ATP
118
Q

The bones of the skeleton store energy reserves as lipids where

A

Yellow marrow

119
Q

Two thirds of the weight of bone is accounted for by

A

Crystals of calcium phosphate

120
Q

Two types of Osseous tissue are

A

Compact bone and spongy bone

121
Q

The basic functional units of mature compact bone are

122
Q

Unlike compact bone, spongy bone contains concentric lamellae that forms struts or plates called

A

Trabeculae

123
Q

The hormones that coordinate the storage absorption and secretion of calcium ions are

A

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones

124
Q

List 4 distinctive cell populations of Osseous tissue

A

Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteogenic cells
Osteocytes

125
Q

Osteoblasts do what

A

Builds bone

126
Q

Osteoclasts do what

A

Breaks down bone to release calcium

127
Q

Osteogenic cells turn into mature bone cells called

A

Osteocytes

128
Q

Endochondral ossification is when

A

Existing cartilage become bone

129
Q

Intramembranous ossification is when

A

Embryonic tissue is formed into bone

130
Q

Name three nutritional factors for normal bone growth

A

Calcium
Vitamin d
B12
Vitamin c

131
Q

What hormonal factors are necessary for bone growth

A

Parathyroid and calcitonin

132
Q

What major effects of parathyroid oppose those of calcitonin

A

Both antagonists
Parathyroid stimulates osteoclasts
Calcitonin stimulates osteoblasts

133
Q

Name three functions of synovial fluid

A

Nourishes chondrocytes
Provides lubrication
Absorbs shock

134
Q

Example if monoaxial joints are

A

Elbow and knee

135
Q

Joints that connect the fingers and toes to the metacarpals and metatarsal s

A

Chondyloidal or ellipsoidal joints

136
Q

List three types of muscle tissue

A

Cardiac skeletal smooth

137
Q

Cardiac tissue

A

Involuntary
Striated
Autoarythmic
Intercalated discs

138
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Involuntary
Striated
Multinucleated

139
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary
Non striated
Single nucleus

140
Q

What structural feature of the skeletal muscle fiber is responsible for conducting action potentials into the cell

141
Q

Anything that blocks binding of acetylcholine effects what

A

Contraction

Bc you cannot generate an action potential

A&P Suffolk (6 decks)

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