Suffolk Test 1 Flashcards
Ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Homeostasis
Gross or macroscopic
See with the naked eye
Feedback: senses change
Receptor
Feedback: control center that interprets and evaluates information
Structure that responds an restores homeostasis
Example of negative feedback system
Thermostats regulating room temperature
Example of positive feedback
Blood clotting or child birth
Basic life processes
Metabolism Responsiveness Movement Growth Differentiation Reproduction
Sum of all chemical processes in the body. The breakdown of large molecules into small (catabolism)
Metabolism
Body’s ability to detect an respond to changes in internal or external environment ex: muscle contraction, electrical signals, hormone or glandular secretion
Responsiveness
Locomotion, propulsion, digestion (peristalsis) and muscle contractility
Movement
Increase in number or size of cells or material found between cells
Growth
Specialization of cells for a specific function
Differentiation
Formation of new cells
Cellular reproduction
When sperm and egg unite to produce a whole new individual
Organism all reproduction
Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
Digestion
The taking in of food
Ingestion
Removal of wastes from the body
Excretion
Transport blood
Circulation
Exchange of gases
Respiration
Levels of structural organization: chemical
Atoms combine to form molecules
Level of structural organization: cellular
Cells are made of molecules
Level of structural organization: tissue
Made up of different types of cells
Level of structural organization: organ
Made up of different types if tissues
Essential atoms for life are
C H O N P Ca SO
Four basic types of tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
The function of the integumentary system
Protect the body from the external environment
Skeletal system function : organ system
Protects and supports body organs … Site of blood cell formation
Function of the muscular system
Posture, locomotion, produces heat
Function of the nervous system
Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands…control center of body
Cardiovascular system function
Transports blood and fluid throughout the body
Function of the lymphatic system
Maintain fluid balance
Disposes of debris and restores fluid leaked from blood
Function of the respiratory system
Supplies oxygen and removes co2
Prone position
Body is lying face up
Supine position
Body is lying face up
In front
Anterior
Behind view
Posterior
Midsagittal plane
Divide body or organ from left to right into equal halves
Parasagittal plane
Divides body or organ left from right with unequal halves
Frontal or coronal plane
Divides body or organ into anterior and posterior portions
Transverse or horizontal plane
Divides body into superior an inferior portions
Oblique plane
Body or organ separated on a slant
Medial
Towards center of the body
Away from the midline of the body
Lateral
Ex: the thumb is lateral to the hand.
Ear is lateral to the nose
Examples of proximal
Elbow is proximal to the wrist
The knee is proximal to the foot
Examples of distal
Knee is distal to the thigh
Hand is distal to the elbow
Superficial
Towards the bodies surface
Deep
Internal
Ex: the lungs are deep to the skin
Spaces within the body that help protect and separate and support internal organs
Body cavities
Parietal layer
Lines the walls
Viscera
Lines the tissues
What are the abdominopelvic regions in order
Quadrants
Right upper - left upper
Right lower - left lower
Carbohydrates are the sugar building blocks if
RNA & DNA
3 sizes of carbohydrates molecules are
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
How many carbons do monosaccharides contain
3-7 carbons
Carbohydrates contain what atoms
C1H2O1
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Function of carbohydrates
Source of cellular food
Examples of monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Disaccharides are made from
Two monosaccharides
Through dehydration synthesis glucose and fructose make
Sucrose
Through dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis two glucose monosaccharides make
Maltose
Through dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis galactose and glucose make
Lactose - milk sugar
Contains 10s or 100s of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides
For every one carbon in a carbohydrate there is
1 H2O molecule
Lipids are made of what atoms
CHO
less oxygen than a carbohydrate
4 types of lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids
Neutral fats composed of a single glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules
Triglycerides
Out body stores this in fat cells if we eat extra food
Triglycerides
The bond between the glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules is called
Ester bond
One glycerol
2 fatty acid molecules
And a phosphorous molecule make
Lipids
Chief component of cell membranes
Lipids
Proteins make how much of a persons body weight
12-18%
Proteins contain what atoms
CHON Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
Proteins are constructed from how many amino acids
20
Formed from two amino acids joined by a covenant bond called a peptide bond
Dipeptides
Chains formed from 10 to 2000 amino acids
Polypeptide
Structural level of proteins: primary
Amino acid sequences . Polypeptide strands
Structural levels of proteins: secondary
Alpha helix or beta pleated sheets
Structural level of proteins: tertiary
Structural levels of proteins: 3 dimensional shape of a polypeptide chain
Function of protein depends on its ability to recognize and bind to some other
Molecule
Irreversible protein denaturation
Substrate unable to bind to enzyme active site
What are some reasons for protein denaturation
Extreme PH or temperature changes
Proteins:
- Helps other proteins to achieve their dimensional shape
- assists in translocating proteins across membranes
- promotes full breakdown of damaged or denatured proteins
Molecular chaperones
A chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
Catalyst
Example of a catalyst is
An enzyme
Enzymes are made of
An apoenzyme
And a cofactor
Apoenzyme a are what portion of an enzyme
Protein portion
Cofactor is what part of an enzyme
Non protein Iron Zinc Magnesium Calcium etc
Enzymes usually end in the suffix
Ase
Catalysts or enzymes speed up chemical reactions by
Lowering the activation energy needed to get reaction started
Catalysts are not used repeatedly for the same reactions
.
The amount of energy needed to push the reactants over an energy barrier
Activation energy
Enzymes are selective and determine which chemical processes will occur at any time
.
A reactant which binds to an enzyme at its active site
Substrate
Only one type of substrate per
Enzyme
substrates are
Amino acids
Inherited disorder in which baby lacks a digestive enzyme and treatment
Galactosemia
Eliminate milk from diet
Factors effecting enzyme rate
- Enzyme concentration
- Substrate concentration
- Temperature and PH
- Competitive and non competitive inhibitors
- cofactors and coenzymes need to be present
Competitive inhibitor
Looks like substrate, interferes and binds to enzyme
Ex: O2 and is reversible
Non competitive inhibitor
When enzymes have another site the substrate binds to changing the shape of original active site
Name two nucleus acids
RNA
DNA
What are the 5 atoms found in nucleus acid
H O C N P
Name the five nitrogen bases that contribute to the nucleotide structure
A-G
C-T
U
RNA uses U instead of
T
Thymine
DNA to CDNA
ATCGTACGA
TAGCATGCT
A-T
C-G
DNA to MRNA
ATCGTACGA
UAGCAVGCU
Instead of T use a U
MRNA to Transfer RNA
UAGCAUGCU
AUCGUACGA
A-U
