substance [WA5, ] Flashcards
All addictive drugs always:
- have to be taken more and more by users to produce the desired effect.
- cause withdrawal symptoms.
- stimulate the brain’s pleasure system (dopamine pathways).
- stimulate the brain’s pleasure system (dopamine pathways).
Lalo is in New York for a week and buys pills to lose weight. Which of the following substances is most likely to be found in these pills?
- amphetamines
- marijuana
- barbiturates
- amphetamines
Michelle often uses ecstasy and she notices that she has to use more and more to get the same desired effect of euphoria. Michelle is probably developing:
- ecstasy abuse
- ecstasy tolerance
- ecstasy intoxication
- ecstasy tolerance
What was the prevalence of the following types of alcohol use disorder in the United States of America in 2015?
- Alcohol dependence or alcohol abuse among women aged 18-25
- Binge and heavy-use drinking among female full-time college students
- Alcohol dependence or alcohol abuse among men aged 18-25
- Binge and heavy-use drinking among male full-time college students
- Alcohol dependence or alcohol abuse among women aged 18-25 –> 2-10%
- Binge and heavy-use drinking among female full-time college students –> 10-20%
- Alcohol dependence or alcohol abuse among men aged 18-25 –> 10-20%
- Binge and heavy-use drinking among male full-time college students –> 30-50%
Nel injected herself with cocaine. Now she’s dancing and jumping, that’s how good she feels. This euphoria is related to cocaine’s effects on…
- the Nucleus Accumbens (NA) and dopamine-related neuronal activity in pathways involving the Nucleus Accumbens
- the Amygdala and Serotonin-related neuronal activity in pathways involving the Amygdala
- the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) and GABA-related neuronal activity in pathways involving the VTA
- the Nucleus Accumbens (NA) and dopamine-related neuronal activity in pathways involving the Nucleus Accumbens
Medication can be used to treat alcohol use disorder. Which of the following medications does not get its potential effectiveness from reducing craving?
- Disulfiram (Antabuse).
- Acamprosate.
- Naltrexone
- Disulfiram (Antabuse).
are more alcohol deaths caused by withdrawal or overdose?
withdrawal
are more heroin deaths caused by OD or withdrawal?
OD
heroin overdose theory
use X amount of heroin in comfortable/usual enviro = ok
use X amount in unusual enviro –> OD
body prepares for amount of heroin you will get
craving higher in usual environment
not prepared + still use –> overdose
what do polydrug users tend to do when quitting other drugs ?
smoke
is control more of a continuum or an on/off switch?
continuum
how many glasses is considered binge drinking?
5+
5 typical symptoms of addiction (general)
loss of control, pre-occupation, tolereance, craving, withdrawal
what % of alcohol addicts are also smokers?
80
what is the lowest risk factor [protective?] for alcohol abuse?
happy marriage
long term effects of alcohol abuse
loss of memory, liver cirrosis, foetal alcohol syndrome
what is the current model of addiction
disease model
alcohol myopia
o tendency of alcohol to increase a person’s concentration upon immediate events and reduce awareness of events which are distant (hence the reference to myopia which is near-sightedness).
what are the personality predictors of SUD onset?
negative emotionality /neuroticism
sensation-seeking
low constraint
2 types of medications used in alcohol use disorder treatment
- induce nausea + vomiting when alcohol is induced
2. anti-craving / replacement
contingency management
reinforcement of behaviours inconsistent with drug use, through tokens
most important neurotransmitter involved in addiction
dopamine
incentive sensitisation theory (6 elements)
- stimulation of reward system via drug
- reward/pleasurable feeling
- sensitisation of dopamine system to drug and cues
- incentive salience to cues
- cue sensitivity leads to wanting and continued use
- wanting intense, but liking decreases
which kind of learning is involved in incentive sensitisation theory?
classical conditioning
