Substance Use Disorders

Question 1

Four pillars of addiction

Answer 1

Fix/hit, manipulation/power/control, isolation, self centeredness

Question 2

What is tolerance?

Answer 2

The need for increased amount of the substance in order to achieve similar effects across time

Question 3

What is withdrawal?

Answer 3

Indication that the body requires the drug in order to maintain physical stability and lack of the drug causes a range of negative and aversive physical consequences

Question 4

Characteristics of substance use disorder

Answer 4

Unsuccessful attempts to cut down on the use of drug, a preoccupation with attempts to obtain the drug, unintentional overuse, abandoning or neglecting important life activities because of the drug

Question 5

Substances that form the category of substance use disorder in DSM-5

Answer 5

Alcohol, opioids, tobacco, caffeine, cocaine, amphetamine, PCP, cannabis, gambling, hallucinogen, inhalant, sedative/hypnotic/anxiolytic

Question 6

How is the severity of a substance use disorder specified?

Answer 6

Mild: 2-3 criteria
Moderate: 4-5 criteria
Severe: 6 or more criteria

Question 7

Three main categories of drugs and their characteristics

Answer 7

Stimulant: Increase activity in the CNS
Depressant: Decrease activity in the CNS
Hallucinogen: Sharpen individual’s sensory abilities or create sensory illusions or hallucinations

Question 8

Comorbidity of substance use disorder with other disorders

Answer 8

Bipolar, schizophrenia, personality disorders, panic disorder, OCD

Question 9

Biphasic effect of alcohol

Answer 9

Initial effects acts as a stimulant but later they acts as a depressant

Question 10

Short-term effects of alcohol

Answer 10

Interacts with several neural systems (stimulates GABA receptors, increase in dopamine and serotonin and inhibition of glutamate receptors), poor decision making, poor awareness of errors made, significant motor impairment

Question 11

Long term effects of alcohol

Answer 11

Malnutrition, cirrhosis of the liver, hypertension, stroke, heart failure, erectile dysfunction, capillary hemorrhage, destruction of brain cells, damage to endocrine glands and pancreas

Question 12

Withdrawal symptoms of alcohol

Answer 12

Restlessness, inability to sleep, anxiety and depression, muscle tremors, rises in blood pressure and temperature, delirium tremens

Question 13

Risk factors of alcohol use disorder

Answer 13

Family history of alcoholism, long term negative affect, a diagnosis of childhood conduct disorder, experiencing life stress and childhood life stressors, holding beliefs that alcohol has a favorable outcome

Question 14

Treatment in alcohol use disorder

Answer 14

Inpatient hospital treatment, AA, couples therapy, motivational interviewing, cognitive and behavioral treatments (contingency management therapy), medication, controlled drinking

Question 15

Prevention programs for substance use disorders

Answer 15

Usually aimed at adolescents and includes enhancement of self-esteem, social skills training, peer pressure resistance training, parental involvement in schools, warning labels in alcohol bottles, psychoeducation, testing for alcohol and drugs, correction of beliefs and expectations, inoculation against mass media messages, peer leadership

Question 16

Developmental model of substance abuse and dependency

Answer 16

Deterioration, worst point, recovery

Question 17

Most frequently used illicit drug

Answer 17

Cannabis

Question 18

Symptoms of cannabis intoxication

Answer 18

Impaired motor coordination, euphoria, anxiety, sensation of slowed time, impaired judgement

Question 19

Risk factors for cannabis use disorder

Answer 19

Early first use of cannabis, tobacco smoking, impulsiveness and unpredictable mood, a diagnosis of conduct disorder as a child, dependency on alcohol and other drugs

Question 20

Consequences of cannabis use disorder

Answer 20

Psychiatric symptoms, impairment of a range of motor skills, cognitive deficit, lower educational achievement and lower income

Question 21

What substances are opiates?

Answer 21

Morphine, heroin, codeine, methadone, (hydrocodone, oxycodone)

Question 22

Consequences of opiate use disorder

Answer 22

Risk of accidental overdose, using street heroin that contains lethal additives, the risk of getting HIV or hepatitis

Question 23

Main characteristics of opiate use disorder

Answer 23

Increases endorphin production, tolerance builds up rapidly, some people have been labelled controlled drug users