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SEM 2 Brain & Behaviour > Substance Abuse > Flashcards

Substance Abuse Flashcards

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1
Q

What is substance abuse?

A

A pattern of drug use in which people rely on a drug chronically and excessively and not for therapeutic reasons

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2
Q

A pattern of drug use in which people rely on a drug chronically and excessively and not for therapeutic reasons

This is known as…?

A

Substance abuse

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3
Q

What is addiction or dependence?

A

Being physically dependent on a drug in addition to abusing it

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4
Q

Being physically dependent on a drug in addition to abusing it

This is known as…?

A

Addiction or dependence

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5
Q

What are the 5 substances that can pose a serious threat?

A

1) Cocaine
2) Designer drugs
3) Intravenous drugs
4) Alcohol
5) SMoking

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6
Q

How can cocaine pose a serious threat? List 3 points

A

It can induce:

1) Psychotic behaviour
2) Brain damage
3) Death

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7
Q

Which substance can induce:

1) Psychotic behaviour
2) Brain damage
3) Death

A

Cocaine

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8
Q

How can designer drugs (designed to get around any drug prevention laws) pose a serious threat? List 2 points

A

1) They are untested for
2) They are potentially contaminated (e.g. synthetic opiate tainted with a neurotoxin)

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9
Q

Which substance does this apply to?

1) They are untested for
2) They are potentially contaminated (e.g. synthetic opiate tainted with a neurotoxin)

A

Designer drugs

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10
Q

How can intravenous drugs pose a serious threat? List 3 points

A

It can induce:

1) A risk of contracting infectious diseases
2) An overdose and death
3) Harm caused to an individual’s life, loved ones and society

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11
Q

Which substance can induce:

1) A risk of contracting infectious diseases
2) An overdose and death
3) Harm caused to an individual’s life, loved ones and society

A

Intravenous drugs

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12
Q

How can alcohol pose serious threats? List 3 points

A

It can induce:

1) Cirrhosis of the liver
2) Increased risk of heart disease and stroke
3) Korakoff’s syndrome

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13
Q

Which substance can induce:

1) Cirrhosis of the liver
2) Increased risk of heart disease and stroke
3) Korakoff’s syndrome

A

Alcohol

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14
Q

How can smoking pose serious threats? List 3 points

A

It can induce:

1) An increased risk of many cancers
2) Heart disease
3) Stroke

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15
Q

Which substance can induce:

1) An increased risk of many cancers
2) Heart disease
3) Stroke

A

Smoking

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16
Q

Taking certain substances results in positive reinforcement.

What is positive reinforcement?

A

The addition of a reinforcing stimulus following a behaviour that makes it more likely that the behaviour will occur again in the future

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17
Q

The addition of a reinforcing stimulus following a behaviour that makes it more likely that the behaviour will occur again in the future

This is known as…?

A

Positive reinforcement

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18
Q

Taking Ritalin (a drug known for enhancing performance and attention) before an exam allows one to achieve straight As in their exams.

The individual will be more likely to repeat taking Ritalin in the future.

This is an example of…?

A

Positive reinforcement

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19
Q

Reinforcing stimuli have a greater effect if it occurs ……… the behaviour

a. Immediately before
b. immediately after
c. Slightly before
d. Slightly after

A

b. immediately after

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20
Q

Drug users prefer heroin to morphine because…?

A

Heroin has a more rapid effect; it is more lipid soluble

This means the effect of the drug is felt through the brain sooner because it goes through the blood quicker

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21
Q

The effect of heroin is felt through the brain sooner because it goes through the blood quicker

Why?

A

Heroin is more lipid soluble

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22
Q

Drug users prefer:

a. Heroin
b. Morphine

A

a. Heroin

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23
Q

What are the neural mechanisms behind taking drugs? List 7 steps

A

1) Drug triggers the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAC)

2) Process of addiction begins in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system

3) Produce long-term changes in other brain regions – starting with the ventral tegmental area (VTA)

4) Changes in the VTA lead to increased activation in a variety of regions that receive dopaminergic input from the VTA.

5) Synaptic changes that are responsible for the compulsive behaviours that characterise addiction occur only after continued use.

6) Important changes occur in the dorsal striatum which is part of the basal ganglia

7) The basal ganglia play a critical role in instrumental conditioning.

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24
Q

Saal et al. (2003) found that after a single administration of an addictive drug, there was an increase in the strength of the ……… on ……. in …… of mice

A

a. The excitatory synapses
b. Dopaminergic neurons
c. The VTA

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25
Q

What are the functions of the dopamine pathways? List 5

A

1) Reward (motivation)
2) Pleasure/euphoria
3) Motor function (fine tuning)
4) Compulsion
5) Perseveration

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26
Q

Which pathway is this involved with this?

1) Reward (motivation)
2) Pleasure/euphoria
3) Motor function (fine tuning)
4) Compulsion
5) Perseveration

a. Dopamine
b. Serotonin

A

a. Dopamine

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27
Q

What are the functions of the dopamine pathways? List 4

A

1) Mood
2) Memory processing
3) Sleep
4) Cognition

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28
Q

Which pathway is involved with this?

1) Mood
2) Memory processing
3) Sleep
4) Cognition

a. Dopamine
b. Serotonin

A

b. Serotonin

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29
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

A collection of subcortical nuclei that are located within the forebrain

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30
Q

A collection of subcortical nuclei that are located within the forebrain

This is known as…?

A

Basal Ganglia

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31
Q

Other than being important for instrumental conditioning, what else are basal ganglia important for?

A

Movement

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32
Q

A behaviour that turns off or reduces an aversive stimulus

Simply = Removal of something negative that makes a behaviour more likely to happen again in the future

This is known as…?

A

Negative reinforcement

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33
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

A behaviour that turns off or reduces an aversive stimulus

Simply = Removal of something negative/unpleasant that makes a behaviour more likely to happen again in the future

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34
Q

What is tolerance?

A

Decreased sensitivity from continued use

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35
Q

Decreased sensitivity from continued use

This is known as…?

A

Tolerance

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36
Q

Does tolerance fall under positive or negative reinforcement?

A

Negative reinforcement

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37
Q

What are withdrawal symptoms?

A

Functioning the opposite way than if you were to have taken the drug

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38
Q

Why do withdrawal symptoms occur?

A

It is the body’s way of compensating for the disturbed homeostatic mechanisms

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39
Q

Taking heroin induces the feeling of euphoria, and happiness and reduces constipation

Stopping the intake of heroin results in dysphoria, sadness and diarrhoea

This is an example of…?

A

Withdrawal effects

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40
Q

Do withdrawal symptoms fall under negative or positive reinforcement?

A

Negative reinforcement

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41
Q

How does negative reinforcement potentially maintain addiction?

A

Withdrawal symptoms are unpleasant, taking the drug removes them, producing negative reinforcement

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42
Q

How does negative reinforcement potentially start the addiction to drugs?

A

Some people start taking a drug to deal with stress or other problems

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43
Q

Withdrawal symptoms are unpleasant, taking the drug removes them, producing negative reinforcement

Does this apply to negative or positive reinforcement?

A

Negative reinforcement

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44
Q

Some people start taking a drug to deal with stress or other problems

Does this apply to negative or positive reinforcement?

A

Negative reinforcement

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45
Q

What are substance cravings?

A

Having the sudden urge to take a substance

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46
Q

Having the sudden urge to take a substance

This is known as…?

A

Substance craving

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47
Q

When can cravings occur?

A

After a long period of abstinence

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48
Q

Cravings can occur after a long period of abstinence

Why?

A

Potentially due to long-lasting brain changes

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49
Q

Drug-related stimuli can elicit classically conditioned responses in substance abusers, both physiologically and subjectively

This is known as…?

A

Cravings

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50
Q

Franken (2003) suggests craving and relapse are due to …?

A

Attentional bias

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51
Q

Franken (2003) suggests craving and relapse are due to ‘attentional bias’

What does this mean?

A

Craving and relapse are cued by cognitive processes and increases in dopamine in response to drug stimuli

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52
Q

Franken’s (2003) review indicated dopamine increases in the ……… (among other areas) in response to drug-related stimuli

A

Nucleus accumbens

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53
Q

Volkow et al. (2006) used imaging to demonstrate that dopamine increased in relation to cocaine

What were the results?

A

There were cues in the dorsal striatum but not the ventral striatum (where the nucleus accumbens is located)

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54
Q

True or False?

Dopamine release is not important in the positive reinforcement of drug use

A

False

Dopamine release is important in the positive reinforcement of drug use, also playing a role in craving and relapse

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55
Q

The prefrontal cortex plays an important role through ….? List 2 things

A

1) Emotion regulation
2) Inhibitory control

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56
Q

Which substance is the most commonly abused opiate?

A

Heroin

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57
Q

What does tolerance mean?

A

Tolerance means the person will have to take more and more of the drug to achieve a high

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58
Q

A person will have to take more and more of the drug to achieve a high

This is known as…?

A

Tolerance

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59
Q

How are heroin and other opiates consumed?

A

Using needles

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60
Q

List 2 reasons why heroin is dangerous.

A

1) Transmission to an unborn child (opiates can cross through the placenta’s semi-permeable membrane)

2) Uncertainty of strength and what it can be mixed with

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61
Q

Systematic administration of opiates stimulates…?

A

Opiate receptors

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62
Q

What are the 4 behavioural effects of heroin?

A

1) Analgesia
2) Hypothermia
3) Sedation
4) Reinforcement

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63
Q

Which opiate receptor location is analgesia involved in?

A

Periaqueductal grey matter

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64
Q

Which opiate receptor location is hypothermia involved in?

A

Preoptic area

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65
Q

Which opiate receptor location is sedation involved in?

A

Mesencephalic reticular formation

66
Q

Which opiate receptor location is reinforcement involved in?

A

Ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens

67
Q

Periaqueductal grey matter contains opiate receptors involved with which behaviour of heroin?

A

Analgesia

68
Q

Preoptic area contains opiate receptors involved with which behaviour of heroin?

A

Hypothermia

69
Q

Mesencephalic reticular formation contains opiate receptors involved with which behaviour of heroin?

A

Sedation

70
Q

Ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens contain opiate receptors involved with which behaviour of heroin?

A

Reinforcement

71
Q

Opiate-related stimuli trigger the release of …… in the ……

A

a. Dopamine
b. Nucleus accumbens (NAC)

72
Q

Wise et al. (1995) found that rats which pressed a lever that delivered heroin experienced an increase of % in levels of dopamine in rats’ nucleus accumbens

A

150-300%

73
Q

Wise et al. (1995) also found that rats will also press a lever to ….?

A

Inject opiates into the NAC or the ventral tegmental area

74
Q

Rats will also press a lever to inject opiates into the NAC or the ventral tegmental area

What does this suggest?

A

The reinforcing effects of opiates are produced by the activation of neurons of the mesolimbic system and the release of dopamine in the NAC

75
Q

What are 2 examples of stimulant drugs?

A

1) Cocaine
2) Amphetamine

76
Q

What happens in the sites of action of cocaine?

A

Cocaine deactivates dopamine transporter proteins, blocking the reuptake of dopamine

77
Q

Which stimulant drug deactivates dopamine transporter proteins, blocking the reuptake of dopamine?

A

Cocaine

78
Q

What happens in the sites of action of amphetamine?

A

Inhibits the reuptake of dopamine but directly stimulates the release of dopamine from terminal buttons as well

79
Q

Which stimulant drug inhibits the reuptake of dopamine but directly stimulates the release of dopamine from terminal buttons as well?

A

Amphetamine

80
Q

What are the 2 dangers of stimulant drugs?

A

1) Likely highly addictive

2) Blocking dopamine receptors or destroying dopaminergic terminals in the NAC causes cocaine and amphetamines to lose much of their reinforcing effect

81
Q

Bozath & Wise (1985) reported that rats that self-administered cocaine were ….. times more likely to die than rats who self-administered heroin

a. 2
b. 3
d. 4
e. 5

A

b. 3

82
Q

Blocking dopamine receptors or destroying dopaminergic terminals in the NAC causes cocaine and amphetamines to ….?

A

Lose much of their reinforcing effect

83
Q

Blocking dopamine receptors or destroying dopaminergic terminals in the NAC causes cocaine and amphetamines to lose much of their reinforcing effect

What does this suggest?

A

The mesolimbic dopamine system plays an important role in reinforcement

84
Q

Which substance is the leading cause of preventable death in countries such as the UK and US?

A

Smoking

85
Q

Despite decreases in the prevalence of smoking, the risk of smoking-related deaths has increased over the last 50 years

True or False?

A

True

86
Q

Why do people continue to smoke?

A

It is highly addictive

e.g. continuing to smoke after a heart attack, cancer surgery etc.

87
Q

What receptors does smoking stimulate?

A

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

88
Q

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are stimulated by what substance?

A

Smoking

89
Q

What is nicotine associated with?

A

The release of dopamine in the NAC, reinforcing the behaviour

90
Q

What happens to the dopamine levels of individuals in the Nucleus Accumbens within the first 45 mins of nicotine injection?

A

Dopamine levels rapidly increase

91
Q

What disrupts smoking addiction?

A

Damage to the insula

92
Q

Describe Naqvi et al.’s study on the effects of insula damage and its effect on smoking

A

1) 19 smokers with insula damage following acquired brain injury

2) 50 smokers with no insula damage following acquired brain injury

3) No difference in whether or not they had quit when they participated in the study

4) However, those who had insular damage were significantly more likely to have a disruption of smoking addiction

93
Q

Those who did not have insular damage were significantly more likely to have a disruption of smoking addiction

True or False?

A

False

Those who had insular damage were significantly more likely to have a disruption of smoking addiction

94
Q

What are the 4 potential effects of alcohol

A

1) Mild euphoria
2) Anxiolytic: reduces the discomfort of anxiety
3) Disinhibition
4) Alcohol myopia

95
Q

1) Mild euphoria
2) Anxiolytic: reduces the discomfort of anxiety
3) Disinhibition
4) Alcohol myopia

These are effects of which substance?

A

Alcohol

96
Q

What happens when one experiences Anxiolytic?

A

Reduces the discomfort of anxiety

97
Q

The tendency for people to respond to near and immediate cues while ignoring more remote cues and potential consequences

This is known as…?

A

Alcohol myopia

98
Q

What is alcohol myopia?

A

The tendency for people to respond to near and immediate cues while ignoring more remote cues and potential consequences

99
Q

Alcohol increases activity in the …… of the…….

A

a. Dopaminergic neurons
b. Mesolimbic system

100
Q

What are the 2 major sites of action of alcohol?

A

1) Indirect antagonist at NMDA receptors

2) Indirect agonist at GABAA receptors (anxiolytic and sedative effects)

101
Q

1) Indirect antagonist at NMDA receptors

2) Indirect agonist at GABAA receptors (anxiolytic and sedative effects)

These are major sites of action for which type of substance?

A

Alcohol

102
Q

What can trigger seizures and convulsions?

A

Increased sensitivity of NMDA receptors after the suppressive effect of alcohol is removed

103
Q

Increased sensitivity of NMDA receptors after the suppressive effect of alcohol is removed can trigger ….?

A

Seizures and convulsions

104
Q

According to Liljequist (1991), drugs which block NMDA receptors were shown to …?

A

Prevent seizures in mice

105
Q

According to Liljequist (1991), what types of drugs prevent seizures in mice?

A

Drugs which block NMDA receptors

106
Q

The reinforcing effect of alcohol is not solely due to the dopaminergic system

Alcohol can also trigger the release of ….?

A

Endogenous opioids

107
Q

Several studies have shown that drugs that block opiate receptors also block …. in a variety of species, including rats, monkeys, and humans

A

The reinforcing effects of alcohol

108
Q

Several studies have shown that drugs that block opiate receptors also block the reinforcing effects of alcohol in a variety of species, including ….? List 3

A
  • Rats
  • Monkeys
  • Humans
109
Q

The level of opioid receptors increases with …?

A

Abstinence

110
Q

The level of opioid receptors is thought to be related to ….?

A

Cravings for alcohol

111
Q

True or False?

There are more opiate receptors in the dorsal striatum of healthy control subjects than in detoxified alcoholic patients

A

False

There are more opiate receptors in the dorsal striatum of detoxified alcoholic patients than in healthy control subjects

112
Q

Describe what happened in the case study of Jimmie G

A
  • Jimmie G was admitted to a home for the elderly aged 49
  • He served in the navy
  • He’s got great abilities to solve complex problems and puzzles
  • But he seems to be a man without a past or future (he was surprised when people told him he was 49 and not 19, he can still recall the things he learned when he was 19 but nothing before that or after that)
113
Q

Korsakoff syndrome is often seen in ….?

A

Alcoholics who are malnourished

114
Q

Alcoholics who are malnourished often develop…?

A

Korsakoff syndrome

115
Q

What causes Korsakoff syndrome?

A

A lack of vitamin B1 in the brain and exacerbated by the toxic effects of alcohol

116
Q

A lack of vitamin B1 in the brain and exacerbated by the toxic effects of alcohol causes what syndrome?

A

Korsakoff syndrome

117
Q

What syndrome is related to irreversible damage to areas of the thalamus and the mammillary bodies?

A

Korsakoff syndrome

118
Q

Korsakoff syndrome is related to irreversible damage to areas of the ……. and the…..?

A

a. Thalamus
b. Mammillary bodies

119
Q

What are the 2 structures in the brain that are important for encoding new memories?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Mammillary bodies
120
Q

What is the principal psychoactive component of cannabis?

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

121
Q

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the principal psychoactive component of ….?

A

Cannabis

122
Q

Which receptors mediate most of the psychotropic effects of THC?

A

Cannabinoid Type 1 (CB1) receptors

123
Q

Cannabinoid Type 1 (CB1) receptors mediate most of the psychotropic effects of …?

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

124
Q

What happens when Cannabinoid Type 1 (CB1) receptors get blocked?

A

It abolishes the high/euphoria produced by smoking cannabis

125
Q

What abolishes the high/euphoria produced by smoking cannabis?

A

Blocking Cannabinoid Type 1 (CB1) receptors

126
Q

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) also has a stimulating effect on …..?

A

Dopaminergic neurons

127
Q

What also has a stimulating effect on dopaminergic neurons?

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

128
Q

Does injection of THC increase or decrease dopamine secretion in the nucleus accumbens?

A

Increase

129
Q

Blocking CB1 receptors in mice can abolish the reinforcing effect of ….? List 3 drugs

A
  • Cannabis
  • Morphine
  • Heroin
130
Q

Blocking CB1 receptors in mice can reduce the reinforcing effects of …?

A

Alcohol

131
Q

Which drug blocks CB1 receptors and decreases the reinforcing effects of nicotine?

A

Rimonabant

132
Q

What is Rimonabant?

A

A drug which blocks CB1 receptors and decreases the reinforcing effects of nicotine

133
Q

Why can some people use drugs and not become dependent?

A

Genetic and environmental factors influence whether someone is likely to take the substance in the first place and their likelihood of becoming dependent

134
Q

What 2 factors influence whether someone is likely to take the substance/drugs in the first place and their likelihood of becoming dependent on them?

A

1) Genetic factors
2) Environmental factors

135
Q

Kendler et al. (2003) investigated the specificity of genetic and environmental risk factors for the use and abuse/dependence of 6 classes of illicit substances

Describe the results of this study

A

Interviews of 1,196 male-male twin pairs found that:

1) The environment plays a stronger role in drug use

2) But genetics play a stronger role in determining whether the person becomes addicted

136
Q

Which factor plays a stronger role in determining whether the person becomes addicted to drugs?

a. Genetics
b. Environmental

A

a. Genetics

137
Q

Which factor plays a stronger role in drug use?

a. Genetics
b. Environmental

A

b. Environmental

138
Q

What % of the vulnerability to addiction can be attributed to genetic factors?

A

40-60%

139
Q

It is estimated that 40-60% of the vulnerability to addiction can be attributed to…?

a. Genetic factors
b. Environmental factors

A

a. Genetic factors

140
Q

It is estimated that 40-60% of the vulnerability to addiction can be attributed to genetic factors

This includes…? List 2 things

A

1) Variability in the metabolism of the drug
2) Variability in the sensitivity to the reinforcing effects

141
Q

How do environmental factors influence addiction?

List 4 prominent environmental factors that could lead to drug addiction

A

1) Drug availability
2) Low socioeconomic status
3) Poor parental support
4) Stress

142
Q

Personal and societal costs of drug abuse means ….?

A

Effective treatments are important

143
Q

Opiate addiction is most commonly treated with…?

A

Methadone

144
Q

What can methadone help with?

A

Treating opiate addiction

145
Q

What is methadone?

A

An orally administered replacement drug that is used to treat opiate addiction

146
Q

Which drug blocks the effect of opiates and produces only a weak opiate effect?

A

Buprenorphine

147
Q

What does buprenorphine do to help treat drug addiction?

A

it blocks the effect of opiates and produces only a weak opiate effect

148
Q

What is buprenorphine?

A

A newer drug which blocks the effect of opiates and produces only a weak opiate effect

149
Q

What are the 5 types of therapies for drug abuse?

A

1) Methdone (opiate addiction)
2) Buprenorphine (opiate addiction)
3) Immunotherapy
4) Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
5) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

150
Q

Which substance works best to treat opiate addiction?

a. Buprenorphine only
b. Buprenorphine + Naloxone
c. Placebo

A

b. Buprenorphine + Naloxone

151
Q

What is Immunotherapy?

A

Vaccines that are specific to the substance abused

152
Q

What is deep brain stimulation (DBS)?

A

Involves implanting electrodes within certain areas of the brain

These electrodes produce electrical impulses that regulate abnormal impulses or affect certain cells and chemicals within the brain

153
Q

What is Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

A

A procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of major depression

154
Q

A procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of major depression

Which therapy for drug abuse is this?

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

155
Q

Involves implanting electrodes within certain areas of the brain

These electrodes produce electrical impulses that regulate abnormal impulses or affect certain cells and chemicals within the brain

Which therapy for drug abuse is this?

A

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

156
Q

Vaccines that are specific to the substance abused

Which therapy for drug abuse is this?

A

Immunotherapy

157
Q

Which therapy for drug abuse has had some promising effects, but is a high-risk procedure?

a. Immunotherapy
b. Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
c. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

b. Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

158
Q

Which therapy for drug abuse is less invasive and has shown efficacy in reducing tobacco use but the effects on nicotine use diminished over time?

a. Immunotherapy
b. Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
c. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

c. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

159
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has shown efficacy in reducing ….. use

a. Alcohol
b. Opiate
c. Nicotine
d. Tobacco

A

d. Tobacco

160
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has shown the effects on ….. use diminishing over time

a. Alcohol
b. Opiate
c. Nicotine
d. Tobacco

A

c. Nicotine

SEM 2 Brain & Behaviour (10 decks)

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